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Developmental Anatomy reviewer (1).pdf Flashcards
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Developmental Anatomy reviewer (1).pdf Flashcards
Developmental Anatomy reviewer (1).pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is gametogenesis?
Answer
Gametogenesis is the development and maturation of sex cells called gametes.
2
Question
What are gametes?
Answer
Gametes are matured sex cells of male and female.
3
Question
What two processes are included in gametogenesis?
Answer
Gametogenesis includes meiosis and cytodifferentiation.
4
Question
What is the term for the process of gametogenesis in males?
Answer
The process of gametogenesis in males is specifically termed Spermatogenesis.
5
Question
What is the term for the process of gametogenesis in females?
Answer
The process of gametogenesis in females is specifically termed Oogenesis.
6
Question
What is the germ line?
Answer
The germ line is the lineage of cells from which gametes arise.
7
Question
What are Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs)?
Answer
Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) are the cells which produce gametes.
8
Question
What are somatic cells?
Answer
Somatic cells are the non-germ line cells.
9
Question
How do primordial germ cells migrate in mammals?
Answer
In mammals, primordial germ cells arise from the yolk sac endoderm and migrate around the gut to the mesentery into the gonad.
10
Question
How do primordial germ cells migrate in birds and reptiles?
Answer
In birds and reptiles, primordial germ cells travel through the bloodstream and into the gonads.
11
Question
How many successive meiosis occur during gametogenesis?
Answer
Two successive meiosis occur during gametogenesis to reduce the diploid number of chromosomes of germ cells into haploid.
12
Question
How does the timing of meiosis differ in males and females?
Answer
In males, meiosis starts from the onset of puberty throughout the entire reproductive life. In females, meiosis starts before birth and completion of meiosis is upon fertilization.
13
Question
What is mitosis?
Answer
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, with cell division maintaining the same diploid number of chromosomes.
14
Question
What does diploid number refer to?
Answer
The diploid number refers to the 2N number of chromosomes of the cell, in contrast to the N haploid number. For example, in humans, 2N is 46 and N is 23 chromosomes.
15
Question
What is the major purpose of mitosis?
Answer
The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn-out cells.
16
Question
What organelles are involved in mitosis?
Answer
The organelles involved in mitosis are the cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, and centriole.
17
Question
What is meiosis?
Answer
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
18
Question
What happens during fertilization?
Answer
During fertilization, the egg and sperm cell unite, which does not result in polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes).
19
Question
What is the cell cycle?
Answer
The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that include growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division.
20
Question
How is the cell cycle different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Answer
In prokaryotes, the cell cycle is quite simple, involving cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division (asexual reproduction). In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is more complicated and has several phases.
21
Question
What does the mitotic phase (M) include?
Answer
The mitotic phase (M) includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, which is when the nucleus and then the cytoplasm divide.
22
Question
What are the phases of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle?
Answer
The interphase of the eukaryotic cell cycle can be subdivided into three phases: Growth phase 1 (G1), Synthesis Phase (S), and Growth Phase 2 (G2).
23
Question
What occurs during the G1 phase?
Answer
During the G1 phase, the cell is metabolically active, duplicates its organelles and cytosolic components, and undergoes rapid growth.
24
Question
What happens if a cell is not dividing during the G1 phase?
Answer
If a cell is not dividing, it enters the G0 phase.
25
Question
What occurs during the S phase?
Answer
During the S phase, the amount of DNA in the cell is doubled, though the cell remains in the diploid state.
26
Question
What is the G2 phase?
Answer
The G2 phase is a shortened growth period where many organelles are reproduced or formed, and parts necessary for mitosis and cell division are made.
27
Question
What is the G0 phase?
Answer
The G0 phase is the resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing.
28
Question
What is cellular senescence?
Answer
Cellular senescence occurs when normal diploid cells lose the ability to divide normally after about 50 cell divisions.
29
Question
What happens during prophase?
Answer
During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the nucleolus disappears.
30
Question
What occurs during metaphase?
Answer
During metaphase, chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate, and each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.
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