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Physiology of Hormonal Signaling
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Physiology of Hormonal Signaling
Physiology of Hormonal Signaling
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1
Question
What does your instructor announcing a pop quiz stimulate?
Answer
It stimulates a reflex pathway that stimulates your sympathetic nervous system to increase your heart rate.
2
Question
In the context of the sympathetic nervous system, what is the heart considered?
Answer
A. Target
3
Question
Which form of cell-to-cell communication uses the direct transfer of electrical and chemical signals?
Answer
B. Gap-junction signaling
4
Question
If the release of the thyroid hormone TH is regulated by a long-loop negative feedback, where would you find the cells that are inhibited by TH binding?
Answer
A. The anterior pituitary
5
Question
What type of drug binds to a receptor in the nucleus and turns on a gene to make a protein?
Answer
B. Lipophilic and hydrophobic
6
Question
What is the primary source of epinephrine?
Answer
Adrenal medulla.
7
Question
Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal?
Answer
A. Some cells lack the appropriate receptors.
8
Question
Which signal molecules are broken down most rapidly, resulting in very brief effects?
Answer
B. Gases such as nitric oxide.
9
Question
What is secretion of a lower-than-normal amount of a hormone called?
Answer
B. hyposecretion
10
Question
How can cells decrease receptor activity?
Answer
Through down-regulation and B. Desensitization.
11
Question
Can a chemical signal secreted in low concentrations from keratinocytes in the skin and binding to receptors on nearby melanocytes be classified as a hormone?
Answer
D. No, because it does not travel to distant targets through the blood.
12
Question
What does the mRNA transcript of a peptide hormone code for?
Answer
A. The gene for the hormone.
13
Question
Which type of receptor alters the cytoskeleton when a ligand binds to it?
Answer
A. Integrin receptor.
14
Question
Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both...
Answer
D. are released by neurons and affect only cells with a specific receptor.
15
Question
What does the binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors trigger?
Answer
E. gene transcription.
16
Question
What does the opposite response of target cells to insulin and glucagon imply?
Answer
E. The two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors and each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.
17
Question
Which enzyme is activated when cytokine binding occurs?
Answer
A. JAK kinase.
18
Question
From where does calcium become available inside a cell?
Answer
C. extracellular fluid and intracellular storage.
19
Question
What characteristic must a signaling molecule have in order to bind to a cytosolic or nuclear receptor?
Answer
It must be lipophilic.
20
Question
What is the classification of epinephrine?
Answer
Amino acid-derived hormone.
21
Question
What is NOT a basic method of cell-to-cell communication?
Answer
Mechanical signals.
22
Question
What does an integrating center do?
Answer
Evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint.
23
Question
What would you expect to happen to the levels of thyroid-releasing hormone TRH and thyroid hormones TH due to trauma to the anterior pituitary?
Answer
Increased TRH and decreased TH.
24
Question
Which is the correct example of signal amplification?
Answer
D. One hormone molecule causes the activation of more than one-second messenger molecule.
25
Question
What is the most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine signal?
Answer
B. The cell that responds to it.
26
Question
What is the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones?
Answer
A. a G protein.
27
Question
What happens when adenylyl cyclase is activated?
Answer
A. cAMP is formed.
28
Question
What type of hormone is classified as a lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on the cell surface?
Answer
A. peptide hormone.
29
Question
What is a difference between endocrine and neural control systems?
Answer
E. All of the answers are correct.
30
Question
What is the primary source of each hormone such as prolactin, insulin, aldosterone, melatonin, calcitonin, and epinephrine?
Answer
Adrenal cortex.