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Microbiology Concepts and Processes
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Microbiology Concepts and Processes
Microbiology Concepts and Processes
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1
Question
What is the purpose of the course material for Bio 110, Microbiology, 1st SEM AY 2024-2025?
Answer
This course material is strictly for class use only to students officially enrolled in Bio 110, Microbiology, 1st SEM AY 2024-2025.
2
Question
What are the learning objectives of Bio 110, Microbiology?
Answer
1. Describe the relationship among metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. 2. Know the pursuit and utilization of energy. 3. Characterize three basic catabolic pathways. 4. Provide an overview of the anabolic stages of metabolism.
3
Question
Define metabolism.
Answer
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions within a living organism.
4
Question
What are enzymes?
Answer
Enzymes are catalysts that speed up and direct chemical reactions.
5
Question
How are enzymes classified in terms of substrate specificity?
Answer
Enzymes are substrate specific and are grouped based on the type of reaction they catalyze. Most are named by adding 'ase' to the substrate.
6
Question
List some examples of enzymes based on their substrate.
Answer
1. Lipases 2. Sucrases 3. Ureases 4. Proteases 5. Nucleases 6. Hydrolases 7. Ligases 8. Phosphatase 9. Dehydrogenase
7
Question
What is the Lock and Key Theory in enzyme specificity?
Answer
The Lock and Key Theory describes how the substrate fits precisely into the enzyme's active site, like a key fits into a lock.
8
Question
What are the components of an enzyme?
Answer
1. Apoenzyme - the protein portion. 2. Coenzyme/cosubstrate - a non-protein component. 3. Holoenzyme - the whole enzyme.
9
Question
What are coenzymes and give examples of their sources?
Answer
Coenzymes are often derived from vitamins. Examples include: 1. Niacin - NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 2. Riboflavin - FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) 3. Pantothenic Acid - Coenzyme A.
10
Question
What factors can influence enzymatic activity?
Answer
ph, temp, substrate concentrion
11
Question
What are competitive inhibitors and give examples?
Answer
Competitive inhibitors compete for the active site of an enzyme. Examples include: 1. Penicillin - competes for the active site on the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the pentaglycine crossbridge. 2. Sulfanilamide (Sulfa Drugs) - competes for the active site on the enzyme that converts PABA into Folic Acid.
12
Question
What is Folic Acid and its significance in microbial metabolism?
Answer
Folic Acid is required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
13
Question
What is carbohydrate catabolism?
Answer
Carbohydrate catabolism is the process where microorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as their primary source of energy.
14
Question
What is the most common energy source for microorganisms?
Answer
Glucose is the most common energy source.
15
Question
What are the two methods of energy extraction from glucose?
Answer
Energy can be obtained from glucose through respiration or fermentation.
16
Question
Describe aerobic cellular respiration and its general equation.
Answer
Aerobic cellular respiration involves the release of electrons by oxidation which are passed down to the electron transport system, with oxygen being the final electron acceptor. General equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP.
17
Question
List the four sub-pathways of aerobic cellular respiration.
Answer
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition Reaction 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron Transport System.
18
Question
What happens during glycolysis? reaction, reactant, product, pathway, end product
Answer
Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, following the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway. End products include 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH2, and 2 ATP.
19
Question
steps of glycolysis
Answer
20
Question
What is the Krebs Cycle and its products?
Answer
The Krebs Cycle is a series of chemical reactions that begin and end with citric acid, producing: 1. 2 ATP 2. 6 NADH2 3. 2 FADH2 4. 4 CO2.
21
Question
kreb cycle steps
Answer
22
Question
What is the transition reaction in aerobic respiration? purpose, products
Answer
The transition reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle, producing: 1. 2 Acetyl Coenzyme A 2. 2 CO2 3. 2 NADH2.
23
Question
What does the electron transport system do? where, model, product
Answer
The electron transport system occurs within the cell membrane of bacteria and follows the chemiosmotic model proposed by Mitchell, producing 34 ATP.
24
Question
What is the total ATP production from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration?
Answer
The total ATP production is 38 ATP.
25
Question
Define anaerobic respiration and its electron acceptors (3)
Answer
Anaerobic respiration is when electrons released by oxidation are passed down an electron transport system without oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Possible acceptors include: 1. Nitrate (NO3-) 2. Nitrite (NO2-) 3. Sulfate (SO24-) 4. Hydrogen Sulfide 5. Carbonate (CO24-) 6. Methane (CH4).
26
Question
alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation: enzyme and end products
Answer
27
Question
What is fermentation and how does it differ from aerobic respiration? (2)
Answer
Fermentation is an anaerobic process that does not use the electron transport system and involves the incomplete oxidation of a carbohydrate, which then becomes the final electron acceptor.
28
Question
(3)
Answer
29
Question
What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation?
Answer
Lactic acid fermentation yields only 2 ATP and the end product is lactic acid.
30
Question
List some food products associated with lactic acid fermentation.
Answer
Food products include milk, cucumbers, cabbage, yogurt, pickles, and sauerkraut.