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GENERAL BIOLOGY Flashcards
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GENERAL BIOLOGY Flashcards
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What is the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
The Theory of Spontaneous Generation is the idea that life originated from nonliving matter, as proposed by Aristotle.
What examples did Aristotle provide to support the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Aristotle suggested that flies can grow from animal manure, fish can appear in new puddles of water, and frogs seem to appear along the muddy banks of the Nile River during annual flooding.
Who was Jan Baptista Van Helmont and what was his contribution to Abiogenesis?
Jan Baptista Van Helmont was a 17th Century Flemish Scientist who proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks.
What was John Needham's experiment regarding Abiogenesis?
John Needham boiled mutton broth to test whether microorganisms can appear spontaneously after boiling, concluding that life in the broth was caused by spontaneous generation.
Who was Francesco Redi and what was his contribution to disproving the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Francesco Redi was an Italian physician and naturalist who challenged the Theory of Spontaneous Generation by demonstrating that maggots come from the eggs of flies.
What errors did Lazzaro Spallanzani find in John Needham's experiments?
Lazzaro Spallanzani found significant errors in Needham's experiments and disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that life occurred from something that entered unsealed flasks.
What experiment did Louis Pasteur conduct to prove that organisms come from existing organisms?
Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment where he demonstrated that no organisms developed in a mixture because microorganisms settled at the bottom of the curved neck of a flask. When the neck was cut, microorganisms easily entered the flask, leading to growth.
What are cells fundamental to in biology?
Cells are fundamental to the living systems of biology, similar to how atoms are fundamental to chemistry.
Who invented the compound microscope and when?
The compound microscope was credited to Zacharias Jansen and Hans Lippershey around 1590.
What did Robert Hooke contribute to the study of cells?
Robert Hooke published 'Micrographia' in 1665, revealing the microscopic world, and he observed box-shaped structures in cork, which he called cells.
What is the classical cell theory?
The classical cell theory emerged from Robert Hooke's discovery of cells, stating that all living organisms are composed of cells.
Who was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and what did he achieve?
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch microbiologist who, using single-lensed microscopes, was the first to document microscopic observations, including bacteria and blood flow.
Who were the founders of cell theory?
The founders of cell theory were Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
What did Matthias Schleiden propose about plants in 1838?
Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are made up of cells after studying and observing different plant structures under the microscope.
What is the title of Schleiden's work that published his findings about plant cells?
Schleiden's findings were published in his work entitled 'Contributions to our Knowledge of Phytogenesis.'
Who was Theodor Schwann?
Theodor Schwann was a German physician and physiologist, considered to have made the significant contribution of extending cell theory to animals.
What is Theodor Schwann's most significant contribution to biology?
His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals.
Who was Rudolf Virchow?
Rudolf Virchow was a German physician regarded as the greatest pathologist of all time and often referred to as the founder of cellular pathology.
What did Rudolf Virchow propose in 1885?
In 1885, Rudolf Virchow proposed that 'omnis cellula e cellula', which translates to 'each cell comes from another cell'.
What fundamental concept did Virchow's proposal become part of?
Virchow's proposal became a fundamental concept for cell theory.
What did historian Paul Weindling say about Rudolf Virchow's contributions?
Historian Paul Weindling stated that Rudolf Virchow, one of the founders of modern cell theory, plagiarized Robert Remak's notion that all cells come from preexisting cells.
What are the three main points of cell theory?
1. All living organisms are composed of one (unicellular) or more cells (multicellular). 2. A cell is the basic unit of life and the structural organization of an organism. 3. Cells arise from preexisting cells and are not derived from spontaneous generation.
What do biologists use to study cells?
Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells.
Why are most cells too small to be seen by the unaided eye?
Most cells are too small to be seen by the unaided eye, but they can be complex.
What is the maximum magnification capability of a compound light microscope?
A compound light microscope can achieve up to 1000x magnification.
What is a limitation of a light microscope (LM)?
Most subcellular structures, including organelles, are too small to be resolved by a light microscope.
What does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provide?
A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provides images that show the surface features of the specimen and look 3D.
What does a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) show?
A Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) provides images of the internal structure of cells.
What are the basic features of all cells?
Basic features of all cells include: 1. Plasma membrane, 2. Semifluid substance called cytosol, 3. Chromatin material that carries genes, 4. Ribosomes that make proteins.
What are prokaryotic cells characterized by?
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having no nucleus, with DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, and no membrane-bound organelles.
