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GENERAL BIOLOGY Flashcards
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GENERAL BIOLOGY Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Answer
The Theory of Spontaneous Generation is the idea that life originated from nonliving matter, as proposed by Aristotle.
2
Question
What examples did Aristotle provide to support the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Answer
Aristotle suggested that flies can grow from animal manure, fish can appear in new puddles of water, and frogs seem to appear along the muddy banks of the Nile River during annual flooding.
3
Question
Who was Jan Baptista Van Helmont and what was his contribution to Abiogenesis?
Answer
Jan Baptista Van Helmont was a 17th Century Flemish Scientist who proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks.
4
Question
What was John Needham's experiment regarding Abiogenesis?
Answer
John Needham boiled mutton broth to test whether microorganisms can appear spontaneously after boiling, concluding that life in the broth was caused by spontaneous generation.
5
Question
Who was Francesco Redi and what was his contribution to disproving the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Answer
Francesco Redi was an Italian physician and naturalist who challenged the Theory of Spontaneous Generation by demonstrating that maggots come from the eggs of flies.
6
Question
What errors did Lazzaro Spallanzani find in John Needham's experiments?
Answer
Lazzaro Spallanzani found significant errors in Needham's experiments and disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that life occurred from something that entered unsealed flasks.
7
Question
What experiment did Louis Pasteur conduct to prove that organisms come from existing organisms?
Answer
Louis Pasteur conducted an experiment where he demonstrated that no organisms developed in a mixture because microorganisms settled at the bottom of the curved neck of a flask. When the neck was cut, microorganisms easily entered the flask, leading to growth.
8
Question
What are cells fundamental to in biology?
Answer
Cells are fundamental to the living systems of biology, similar to how atoms are fundamental to chemistry.
9
Question
Who invented the compound microscope and when?
Answer
The compound microscope was credited to Zacharias Jansen and Hans Lippershey around 1590.
10
Question
What did Robert Hooke contribute to the study of cells?
Answer
Robert Hooke published 'Micrographia' in 1665, revealing the microscopic world, and he observed box-shaped structures in cork, which he called cells.
11
Question
What is the classical cell theory?
Answer
The classical cell theory emerged from Robert Hooke's discovery of cells, stating that all living organisms are composed of cells.
12
Question
Who was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and what did he achieve?
Answer
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch microbiologist who, using single-lensed microscopes, was the first to document microscopic observations, including bacteria and blood flow.
13
Question
Who were the founders of cell theory?
Answer
The founders of cell theory were Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
14
Question
What did Matthias Schleiden propose about plants in 1838?
Answer
Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are made up of cells after studying and observing different plant structures under the microscope.
15
Question
What is the title of Schleiden's work that published his findings about plant cells?
Answer
Schleiden's findings were published in his work entitled 'Contributions to our Knowledge of Phytogenesis.'
16
Question
Who was Theodor Schwann?
Answer
Theodor Schwann was a German physician and physiologist, considered to have made the significant contribution of extending cell theory to animals.
17
Question
What is Theodor Schwann's most significant contribution to biology?
Answer
His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals.
18
Question
Who was Rudolf Virchow?
Answer
Rudolf Virchow was a German physician regarded as the greatest pathologist of all time and often referred to as the founder of cellular pathology.
19
Question
What did Rudolf Virchow propose in 1885?
Answer
In 1885, Rudolf Virchow proposed that 'omnis cellula e cellula', which translates to 'each cell comes from another cell'.
20
Question
What fundamental concept did Virchow's proposal become part of?
Answer
Virchow's proposal became a fundamental concept for cell theory.
21
Question
What did historian Paul Weindling say about Rudolf Virchow's contributions?
Answer
Historian Paul Weindling stated that Rudolf Virchow, one of the founders of modern cell theory, plagiarized Robert Remak's notion that all cells come from preexisting cells.
22
Question
What are the three main points of cell theory?
Answer
1. All living organisms are composed of one (unicellular) or more cells (multicellular). 2. A cell is the basic unit of life and the structural organization of an organism. 3. Cells arise from preexisting cells and are not derived from spontaneous generation.
23
Question
What do biologists use to study cells?
Answer
Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells.
24
Question
Why are most cells too small to be seen by the unaided eye?
Answer
Most cells are too small to be seen by the unaided eye, but they can be complex.
25
Question
What is the maximum magnification capability of a compound light microscope?
Answer
A compound light microscope can achieve up to 1000x magnification.
26
Question
What is a limitation of a light microscope (LM)?
Answer
Most subcellular structures, including organelles, are too small to be resolved by a light microscope.
27
Question
What does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provide?
Answer
A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provides images that show the surface features of the specimen and look 3D.
28
Question
What does a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) show?
Answer
A Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) provides images of the internal structure of cells.
29
Question
What are the basic features of all cells?
Answer
Basic features of all cells include: 1. Plasma membrane, 2. Semifluid substance called cytosol, 3. Chromatin material that carries genes, 4. Ribosomes that make proteins.
30
Question
What are prokaryotic cells characterized by?
Answer
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having no nucleus, with DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, and no membrane-bound organelles.