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Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy and Physiology
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1
Question
What are the functions of the skin integumentary system?
Answer
- Separates body from the external environment - Protects from damage that is: - Physical - Chemical - Mechanical - Biological - Releases waste - Disseminates heat (sweat) - Sense and communicate with the outside environment through different types of receptors.
2
Question
What are the types of receptors in the skin?
Answer
- Somatic receptors can pinpoint the source of the sensation. - Visceral receptors are unable to pinpoint the source of the pain, which may change locations.
3
Question
What are the layers of the skin?
Answer
1. Epidermis (outermost layer) 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis (innermost layer)
4
Question
What is atherosclerosis?
Answer
The narrowing of the lumen of the coronary artery.
5
Question
What initiates atherosclerosis?
Answer
It starts with damage to the arterial endothelium.
6
Question
What leads to plaque formation in atherosclerosis?
Answer
Deposits of cholesterol, lipids, and other molecules in the artery wall.
7
Question
What are preventative measures for atherosclerosis?
Answer
Aspirin, statin cholesterol drugs, and a healthy lifestyle.
8
Question
What is angina pectoris?
Answer
Angina pectoris is due to myocardial ischemia and is characterized by substernal pain or discomfort.
9
Question
What is the function of the conducting system of the heart?
Answer
It generates and conducts micro-electrical impulses to trigger rhythmic cardiac muscle contractions.
10
Question
What are the two special cardiac muscle fibres in the conducting system?
Answer
Nodal cells and conducting fibres.
11
Question
What role does the sinoatrial node play in the heart?
Answer
It acts as the pacemaker and determines the intrinsic heart rate.
12
Question
What is the role of the atrioventricular node?
Answer
It relays the impulses from the sinoatrial node.
13
Question
What are the components of the autonomic regulation of the heart?
Answer
The autonomic nervous system, sympathetic (increases heart rate), and parasympathetic (decreases heart rate).
14
Question
Where are the centers for nervous control of the heart located?
Answer
In the spinal cord and medulla oblongata.
15
Question
What are the main arteries to be identified in the body?
Answer
Aorta (ascending, arch, descending), brachiocephalic trunk, brachial, radial, subclavian, common carotid (internal and external), renal, common iliac, femoral, and pulmonary.
16
Question
What are the main veins to be identified in the body?
Answer
Brachiocephalic, brachial, external jugular, subclavian, common iliac, femoral, saphenous, and vena cava (superior and inferior).
17
Question
What are the characteristics of arteries?
Answer
They are elastic conducting (like the aorta), muscular distributing, and arterioles which regulate blood distribution to capillaries.
18
Question
What are the 3 types of veins?
Answer
Deep veins, superficial veins, and venous sinuses.
19
Question
What are capillaries?
Answer
They have extremely thin walls and small lumen, allowing only 1 RBC to fit and are the site of exchange of substances.
20
Question
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
Answer
Continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous.
21
Question
What are the layers of blood vessels?
Answer
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.
22
Question
How do arteries differ from veins?
Answer
Arteries have thicker, more elastic tunica intima and media, while veins have thinner walls with semilunar valves.
23
Question
What are the components of the gastrointestinal tract?
Answer
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, ileum, jejunum), large intestine, and anus.
24
Question
What are the accessory digestive organs?
Answer
Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
25
Question
What are the main steps of digestion?
Answer
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.
26
Question
What are the nine regions of the abdomen?
Answer
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, suprapubic (hypogastric), and left iliac.
27
Question
What makes up the roof of the oral cavity?
Answer
The hard palate (anterior, made of maxilla and palatine bone) and soft palate (posterior, made of muscle fibers).
28
Question
What are the types of epithelial tissues?
Answer
Squamous, columnar, cuboidal, simple epithelium, multilayered epithelium, keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium.
29
Question
What are the characteristics of the lips?
Answer
Outer surface has keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; inner surface is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
30
Question
What is the structure of the tongue?
Answer
Made of skeletal muscles, lined by stratified squamous epithelium, contains papillae which house taste buds.