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ENERGY.pdf Flashcards
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What has led to a search for new energy sources for the future?
Increased worldwide consumption of energy.
What are examples of fossil fuels?
Solid fuels, peat, partial oxidation of organic matter, lignite, coal, coke.
What is fuel oil?
A liquid fuel that is a fraction of petroleum crude oil that cannot be converted economically into a higher priced product.
Name some examples of gaseous fuels.
Natural and manufactured gases.
What are some examples of renewable energy sources?
Hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, wind power plants.
Name some non-renewable energy sources.
Coal, diesel, natural gas, oil, nuclear.
What is cogeneration?
The production of electricity and useful heat simultaneously from the same fuel source, such as in boilers or combustion.
What is the process that produces electric power from steam?
Combustion.
What are the different types of energy sources mentioned in the text?
Nuclear energy, Hydroelectric energy, Biomass, Geothermal Energy, Wave and Tidal energy, Fuel cells, Solid waste energy, Biogas, Solar energy, Ethanol from Biomass, Vegetable oils, Ocean thermal
Describe the process of generating electricity using hydroelectric energy.
To make electricity using hydroelectric energy, water is held in a reservoir behind the dam. The water intake is close to the control gates, and when the gates open, the water rushes through the penstock to turn the turbine. After that, the water flows into the river through the outflow. The turbine spins the generator, producing electricity that goes to the transformer in the powerhouse. The transformer converts the electricity into a usable form, which then travels through power lines to homes and businesses.
What is important for building a dam to generate hydroelectric energy?
A suitable location with valleys and rivers is essential for building a dam. The land cannot be flat as it is necessary for constructing the dam. Countries like Canada, USA, the former USSR, Brazil, China, Norway, Japan, Sweden, India, and France utilize hydroelectric energy with varying capacities in billions of kilowatts annually.
What are the advantages of using hydroelectric energy mentioned in the text?
The advantages of using hydroelectric energy include its renewability, cleanliness, non-polluting nature, and its ability to prevent floods. Some dams not only generate electricity but also help in flood prevention.
What are the disadvantages of using hydroelectric energy as stated in the text?
The disadvantages of hydroelectric energy include potential harm to species living in the area, destruction of the land around the dam, and the risk of turbines causing harm to fish.
What are the two types of anion exchange resins?
Two types: highly basic or weakly basic
What types of acids can both highly basic and weakly basic anion exchange resins remove?
Both can remove strongly ionized acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid
What types of acids can only strongly basic anion exchange resins remove?
Only strongly basic resins can remove weakly ionized acids such as silicic acid and carbonic acid
What are the types of phosphates used in phosphate conditioning for water treatment?
Orthophosphates such as trisodium phosphate and complex phosphates such as sodium hexametaphosphate
How is silica removed in water treatment processes?
Silica is not removed by hydrogen cation exchange or sodium zeolites exchange. It is partially removed in the lime soda process and can be removed by dolomitic lime or activated magnesia
What are the chemicals used in water purification to produce potable and safe water?
Chloramine, ozone, chlorine dioxide
What are the three methods of wastewater treatment?
Primary or physical treatment, secondary or biological treatment, tertiary method
What are some general principles that may be applied to the solution specific to each industry?
Increasing reuse of wastewater, control of pollution, recovery of by-products at their source, lessening the expense of treatment, lagooning, and keeping pollution at a minimum level to save in neutralization costs.
Why is choosing the location of a chemical plant based on the quality and quantity of available water important?
The quality and quantity of available water are important factors because surface and groundwater should be considered. Groundwater is usually more suitable for cooling purposes as temperatures are nearly constant, but it is generally harder and may cause scaling.
How is hardness of water usually expressed?
Hardness of water is usually expressed in terms of the dissolved calcium and magnesium salts calculated as equivalent calcium carbonate, which give insoluble precipitates with soap and can form clogging scale with low thermal conductivity in boilers.
What are some methods of water conditioning mentioned in the text?
Softening, purification, clarification, ion exchange, cation exchange, and anion exchange are mentioned as methods of water conditioning in the text.