Introduction to the core vital signs: temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, pain, and oxygen saturation.

Overview of the hypothalamus and the four mechanisms of heat loss: radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.

Defining normal temperature ranges and the clinical thresholds for fever (pyrexia).

Explaining how pulse is generated and the formula for calculating cardiac output.

The mechanics of ventilation, diffusion in the alveoli, and involuntary control of breathing.

Differentiating between systolic and diastolic pressure and the factors that influence them.

The importance of identifying trends, establishing baselines, and considering age-related changes.