Opening frame for Day 1 — where India sits, how large it is, and the physical layout that shapes climate and farming.

Location sets climate, time, and neighbours; physiographic divisions set rivers, soil, and settlement.

Northern and Eastern hemispheres, lat–long extent, Tropic of Cancer through eight states, island groups, and Indira Point.

3.28 million km², seventh largest country, mainland spans, Standard Meridian 82°30′ E at Mirzapur, IST = GMT+5:30.

Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh; longest and shortest borders; Sri Lanka and Maldives by sea.

Himalayas, Northern Plains, Indian Desert, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, and the Islands.

Alluvial plains from Indus–Ganga–Brahmaputra; relief order Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar.

Coordinates, area and IST, neighbours, six divisions, and Northern Plains belts and regions to lock in for exams.