Signaling Pathways and Function of TLRs
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Toll-like receptors: sensing danger fast
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Hook: how the immune system spots never-before-seen invaders in seconds using TLRs.
What TLRs are
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Definition of TLRs as pattern recognition receptors: LRR ectodomain, TIR domain, and ligand-driven dimerization.
Surface vs endosomal TLRs
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Where receptors live decides ligands: membrane lipids and flagellin at the surface; nucleic acids in endosomes.
MyD88 vs TRIF pathways
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Two adaptor roads: MyD88 drives proinflammatory cytokines; TRIF drives type I interferons (and TLR4 can use both).
Immune functions and takeaway
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Innate defense, adaptive bridging, T-cell influence, and the core memory: sense patterns, MyD88 for inflammation, TRIF for interferons.
Closing
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Sensors, two adaptor roads, lasting immunity — TLR signaling in one arc.