Duplicate
Export
Register
Histology Pt1 Exam 3
1 Flashcard Deck
Blood+%26+Bone+Marrow.pdf Flashcards
Study
What is blood?
Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular fluid material called plasma.
What propels blood circulation?
Blood is propelled by rhythmic contractions of the heart.
What is the total amount of circulating blood in the human body?
The total amount of circulating blood is about 5 liters.
What are the cellular formed elements of blood?
The cellular formed elements of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
What components make up plasma?
Plasma consists of plasma proteins such as fibrinogens, globulins, and albumin, as well as ground substance called serum.
Where is bone marrow located?
Bone marrow is highly vascularized tissue found in the medullary cavities of bone.
What are the two compartments of bone marrow?
vascular and hematopoietic (blood forming) compartments.
From which germ layer do blood and bone marrow derive?
mesoderm.
Where does hematopoiesis occur in the first few weeks of gestation?
yolk sac.
Where are blood cells formed during the rest of fetal life until about 2 weeks after birth?
formed in the liver and spleen.
Where are blood cells formed after the first few weeks of life?
bone marrow.
Where are lymphocytes produced?
lymphoid organs.
What happens to blood when clotting is prevented by an anticoagulant like heparin?
Blood can be separated by centrifugation into layers.
What do erythrocytes comprise in a blood sample?
Erythrocytes comprise the hematocrit.
What is hemoglobin and what is its function?
Hemoglobin is a protein in blood that carries oxygen.
Which type of blood has more oxygen, arterial or venous blood?
Oxygen is more abundant in arterial blood than in venous blood.
What is the buffy coat in a blood sample?
The buffy coat is a thin gray-white layer found between the hematocrit and the plasma, consisting of leukocytes and platelets.
What is the pH of plasma?
Plasma has a pH of about 7.4.
What dissolved components are found in plasma?
The dissolved components in plasma are mainly proteins, but also include nutrients, nitrogenous waste, respiratory gases, hormones, and inorganic ions called electrolytes.
How are blood cells typically studied microscopically?
Blood cells are studied microscopically by spreading a drop of blood in a thin layer on a slide.
What are blood smears often stained with?
Blood smears are often stained with mixtures of acidic eosin and basic methylene blue dyes.
What is anemia?
Anemia is a condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range, causing tissues to be unable to receive adequate oxygen.
What are the symptoms of anemia?
Symptoms of anemia include lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue, and pallor.
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Sickle cell anemia is due to an amino acid substitution that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, leading to possible capillary blockage.
What is the normal shape of red blood cells?
The normal shape of red blood cells is biconcave.
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes beneficial?
The biconcave shape provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange.
How long do erythrocytes normally survive in circulation?
Erythrocytes normally survive in circulation for about 120 days.
What happens to erythrocytes with defects in shape or surface saccharide complexes?
Erythrocytes with defects in shape or surface saccharide complexes are removed from circulation mainly by macrophages.
What are leukocytes?
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are one of the body's chief defenses against infection.
How do leukocytes act when called to sites of infection?
When called to sites of infection, leukocytes cross the walls of venules, become motile, and migrate into tissue.
What are the two main groups of leukocytes?
Leukocytes are divided into two main groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes.
What are granulocytes characterized by?
Granulocytes are characterized by polymorphic nuclei with one or more distinct lobes.
What are the types of granulocytes?
The types of granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
What is the lifespan of granulocytes after leaving the bloodstream?
Granulocytes have a lifespan of only a few days after leaving the bloodstream.
What are agranulocytes characterized by?
Agranulocytes lack specific granules and have spherical or indented nuclei that are not lobulated.
What are the types of agranulocytes?
The types of agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.
What is the role of neutrophils?
Neutrophils are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection and are involved in phagocytosis.
What is pus?
Pus is formed from apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semi-digested material, and tissue, resulting in a viscous yellow collection of fluid.
What is the main identifying feature of eosinophils?
The main identifying feature of eosinophils is the abundant granules that stain pink or red.
What is the function of eosinophils?
Eosinophils are specific in acting to kill parasitic worms and modulating the inflammatory response triggered by allergies.
Where are eosinophils abundant in the body?
Eosinophils are abundant in connective tissue of the intestinal lining and at sites of chronic inflammation, such as the lungs of patients with asthma.
What do basophils represent?
Basophils represent the presence of heparin and histamine, which are mediators of inflammation.
What is the role of basophils in anaphylactic shock?
Basophils rapidly degranulate, producing vasodilation, a drop in blood pressure, and other serious complications during anaphylactic shock.
What are lymphocytes involved in?
Lymphocytes are the most numerous agranulocytes in blood smears and are involved in immune responses and lymphoma.
What distinguishes the functional groups of lymphocytes?
Mature lymphocytes can be subdivided into functional groups based on clusters of differentiation (CDs), which are distinct surface molecules.
Where do B and T lymphocytes differentiate?
B lymphocytes differentiate in the bone marrow, while T lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus.
What is the function of monocytes?
Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
What mnemonic helps remember the order of leukocyte abundance?
The mnemonic is 'Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas,' which stands for Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
What are platelets also known as?
Platelets are also known as thrombocytes.
What is the role of platelets?
Platelets promote blood clotting and help repair tears in small vessels.
What is the lifespan of platelets?
Platelets have a lifespan of about 10 days.
What type of connective tissue is bone marrow?
Bone marrow is a special type of connective tissue in the medullary cavities of bone.
What are the two types of bone marrow?
The two types of bone marrow are red (actively hematopoietic) marrow and yellow (fatty) marrow.
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Red bone marrow is responsible for the lifelong production of red blood cells and platelets.
What happens to bone marrow as a person ages?
At birth, all marrow is red, but as a child reaches about 7 years of age, yellow marrow begins to appear in the distal bones and gradually replaces red marrow in certain areas.
What do venous sinusoids do in the bone marrow?
Venous sinusoids are thin-walled vessels that form a communicating network in the bone marrow, allowing cells to move between the bloodstream and the bone marrow.
Upload an image or PDF
Upload an image or PDF
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
Learn about blood, bone marrow, and their functions in this detailed histology flashcard deck.
Biology
Anatomy
Histology
Hematology
Medical Education
+3 more
Ask Scholarly Assistant
Similar Pages
Login to Leave a Comment
Give your feedback, or leave a comment on a page to share your thoughts with the community.
Login