Duplicate
Export
Register
Developmental Anatomy reviewer (1).pdf Flashcards
2 Flashcard Decks
Developmental Anatomy reviewer (1).pdf Flashcards
Study
What is gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis is the development and maturation of sex cells called gametes.
What are gametes?
Gametes are matured sex cells of male and female.
What two processes are included in gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis includes meiosis and cytodifferentiation.
What is the term for the process of gametogenesis in males?
The process of gametogenesis in males is specifically termed Spermatogenesis.
What is the term for the process of gametogenesis in females?
The process of gametogenesis in females is specifically termed Oogenesis.
What is the germ line?
The germ line is the lineage of cells from which gametes arise.
What are Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs)?
Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) are the cells which produce gametes.
What are somatic cells?
Somatic cells are the non-germ line cells.
How do primordial germ cells migrate in mammals?
In mammals, primordial germ cells arise from the yolk sac endoderm and migrate around the gut to the mesentery into the gonad.
How do primordial germ cells migrate in birds and reptiles?
In birds and reptiles, primordial germ cells travel through the bloodstream and into the gonads.
How many successive meiosis occur during gametogenesis?
Two successive meiosis occur during gametogenesis to reduce the diploid number of chromosomes of germ cells into haploid.
How does the timing of meiosis differ in males and females?
In males, meiosis starts from the onset of puberty throughout the entire reproductive life. In females, meiosis starts before birth and completion of meiosis is upon fertilization.
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, with cell division maintaining the same diploid number of chromosomes.
What does diploid number refer to?
The diploid number refers to the 2N number of chromosomes of the cell, in contrast to the N haploid number. For example, in humans, 2N is 46 and N is 23 chromosomes.
What is the major purpose of mitosis?
The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn-out cells.
What organelles are involved in mitosis?
The organelles involved in mitosis are the cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, and centriole.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
What happens during fertilization?
During fertilization, the egg and sperm cell unite, which does not result in polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes).
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that include growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division.
How is the cell cycle different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, the cell cycle is quite simple, involving cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division (asexual reproduction). In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is more complicated and has several phases.
What does the mitotic phase (M) include?
The mitotic phase (M) includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, which is when the nucleus and then the cytoplasm divide.
What are the phases of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle?
The interphase of the eukaryotic cell cycle can be subdivided into three phases: Growth phase 1 (G1), Synthesis Phase (S), and Growth Phase 2 (G2).
What occurs during the G1 phase?
During the G1 phase, the cell is metabolically active, duplicates its organelles and cytosolic components, and undergoes rapid growth.
What happens if a cell is not dividing during the G1 phase?
If a cell is not dividing, it enters the G0 phase.
What occurs during the S phase?
During the S phase, the amount of DNA in the cell is doubled, though the cell remains in the diploid state.
What is the G2 phase?
The G2 phase is a shortened growth period where many organelles are reproduced or formed, and parts necessary for mitosis and cell division are made.
What is the G0 phase?
The G0 phase is the resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing.
What is cellular senescence?
Cellular senescence occurs when normal diploid cells lose the ability to divide normally after about 50 cell divisions.
What happens during prophase?
During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the nucleolus disappears.
What occurs during metaphase?
During metaphase, chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate, and each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles.
What happens during anaphase?
During anaphase, centromeres split in two, sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles, and certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell.
What occurs during telophase?
During telophase, chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense, the nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle breaks down.
What is cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis.
What is spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis is the entire process involved in the transformation of germinal epithelial cells (stem cells) to spermatozoa.
What are the two phases of spermatogenesis?
The two phases of spermatogenesis are Spermatocytogenesis and Spermiogenesis.
What is spermatocytogenesis?
Spermatocytogenesis is the proliferative phase whereby spermatogonial cells multiply by a series of mitotic divisions followed by meiotic divisions which produce the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.
What is spermiogenesis?
Spermiogenesis is the maturation of the spermatids while they are still in the adluminal compartment.
What are the parts of a spermatid?
Parts of a spermatid include the nucleus (head), cytoplasm, manchette, Golgi apparatus, acrosome, mitochondrion (middle piece), proximal centriole (neck), distal centriole (flagellum/tail).
What is spermiation?
Spermiation is the release of matured spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
What constitutes the head of the sperm?
The head of the sperm is an oval structure that includes the nucleus containing the haploid number of chromosomes and has a cap called the acrosome which contains enzymes for penetration into the ovum.
What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm?
The midpiece of the sperm is the power plant, containing numerous mitochondria that provide ATP for sperm locomotion.
What is the tail of the sperm responsible for?
The tail of the sperm consists of a flagellum for propulsion.
What are some abnormalities of sperm cells?
Sperm cell abnormalities include coiled tail with droplet, coiled double tail, DAG effect, folded tail, filamentous, double tail, corkscrew midpiece with droplet, and corkscrew midpiece.
What is oogenesis?
Oogenesis is the process by which oocytes are formed.
What is the developmental sequence of oocytes?
The developmental sequence of oocytes is from oogonia to primary oocyte to secondary oocyte to ootid to egg (ovum).
What are the stages of a follicle during oogenesis?
The stages of a follicle during oogenesis include primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, and tertiary follicle (Graafian follicle/Vesicular follicle).
What is a primordial follicle?
A primordial follicle is a follicle containing the primary oocyte enveloped by a single layer of flat follicular epithelial cells.
What is a primary follicle?
A primary follicle is larger than the primordial follicle and contains a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal follicular cells.
What is a secondary follicle?
A secondary follicle is an oocyte with two or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells having a small or no antrum.
What characterizes a mature follicle?
A mature follicle (Graafian follicle) is very large, bulging from the surface of the ovary with a fluid-filled cavity.
What is the vitelline membrane?
The vitelline membrane is the cell membrane of the oocyte.
What is the zona pellucida?
The zona pellucida is a prominent translucent acellular layer located between the vitelline membrane of the oocyte and the follicular cells.
What are granulosa cells?
Granulosa cells are squamous follicular cells that become cuboidal.
What is the corona radiata?
The corona radiata consists of follicular cells directly adjacent to the zona pellucida of the oocyte.
What is the cumulus oophorus?
The cumulus oophorus is a mound of granulosa cells on which the oocyte sits.
What is the antrum in a follicle?
The antrum is a fluid-filled cavity containing the liquor folliculi.
What is ovulation?
Ovulation is the release of the ovum from the follicle.
What factors contribute to ovulation?
Pressure inside the follicle and hormone LH are the complementing factors for ovulation.
Which ovary ovulates more frequently in mares?
The left ovary ovulates more frequently in mares.
Which ovary ovulates more frequently in cows?
The right ovary ovulates more frequently in cows.
What are the two types of ovulation?
The two types of ovulation are spontaneous ovulation and induced ovulation.
What is spontaneous ovulation?
Spontaneous ovulation is when ova are released without the need for copulation.
What is induced ovulation?
Induced ovulation is when a female animal ovulates due to an externally derived stimulus during or just prior to mating.
What are stimuli that cause induced ovulation?
Stimuli causing induced ovulation include the physical act of coitus or mechanical stimulation simulating this, as well as sperm and pheromones.
What is fertilization?
Fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (sex cells), which occurs after mating or copulation.
What types of mating are there?
Mating can be natural, artificial, or in vitro.
What is artificial insemination (AI)?
Artificial insemination (AI) can be classic AI, observing the occurrence of estrus, or Fixed Time AI, which occurs at a fixed time.
What is in vitro fertilization?
In vitro fertilization involves picking up ova via guided ultrasonography, aspirating ova from collected ovaries from abattoirs/slaughterhouses, fertilizing them in the laboratory, and transferring them into a recipient animal.
Where is the site of spermatozoa deposition in different species?
Cat: Vagina; Dog: Uterus; Cattle: Vagina; Horse: Uterus; Sheep: Vagina; Pig: Cervix/Uterus.
Where does fertilization take place in the female reproductive tract?
Fertilization takes place in the ampullary region of the oviduct.
What happens to sperm cells as they travel through the female reproductive tract?
As sperm cells travel through the female reproductive tract, their numbers decrease due to environmental conditions in each specific segment of the tract.
What are the three phases of sperm transport?
The three phases of sperm transport are Rapid Transport Phase, Slow/Sustained Transport Phase, and Intercornual Transport.
What happens during the Rapid Transport Phase?
During the Rapid Transport Phase, spermatozoa are delivered to the fertilization site shortly after copulation (15-30 mins).
What occurs during the Slow/Sustained Transport Phase?
During the Slow/Sustained Transport Phase, spermatozoa are delivered in a uniform manner over a sustained period of time (6-12 hrs).
What is the Intercornual Transport phase?
The Intercornual Transport phase is the movement of sperm cells from one horn to another, usually during artificial insemination.
What does the cervix produce during sperm transport?
During sperm transport, the cervix produces mucus rich in Sialomucin (low viscosity) and sulfomucin (viscous).
What does less viscous mucus favor during sperm transport?
Less viscous mucus favors sperm transport as they can swim more easily.
What is capacitation in the context of sperm?
Capacitation is a biochemical process that occurs in the female tract whereby spermatozoa acquire the capacity to fertilize the egg.
What is the term for the deposition of semen in the cervix or uterus?
Semen deposition varies among species.
Where does capacitation begin?
Capacitation may begin through the cervix, uterus, and isthmus respectively.
What are the events that sperm cells undergo after capacitation?
1. Hyperactive motility 2. Binding to zona pellucida 3. Acrosomal reaction 4. Penetration of zona pellucida 5. Spermoocyte membrane fusion 6. Sperm engulfed 7. Decondensation of sperm nucleus 8. Formation of male pronucleus.
What are the components of zona binding?
1. The corona radiata 2. The zona pellucida 3. The perivitelline space 4. The vitelline membrane.
What are the glycoproteins that make up the zona pellucida?
The zona pellucida consists of three glycoproteins: ZP1 and ZP2 as structural proteins, and ZP3 as the receptor for sperm.
What are the two zona binding sites mentioned?
1. Primary zona binding region 2. Acrosome reaction promoting ligand.
What is the proposed model for zona binding and initiation of the acrosomal reaction?
The sperm plasma membrane overlying the acrosome contains two receptor-like regions: the zona binding region (ZBR) that reacts with ZP3 for physical attachment, and the acrosome reaction promoting region (ARPR) that also binds to ZP3 and initiates the acrosome reaction.
What happens to the membranes of the sperm head before and after the acrosomal reaction?
Before the acrosomal reaction, all membranes of the head are intact. After the reaction, the vesicles are sloughed leaving the inner acrosomal membrane, the equatorial segment, and the post nuclear cap intact.
During the acrosome reaction, what begins to fuse?
During the reaction, the plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal membrane begins to fuse with the outer acrosomal membrane.
What allows sperm to penetrate through the zona pellucida during the acrosome reaction?
The fusion of the two membranes leads to vesiculation that creates pores through which the acrosomal enzymes can pass.
What occurs before membrane fusion when the spermatozoon completely penetrates the zona?
The spermatozoon settles into a bed of microvilli formed by the oocyte plasma membrane and the cortical granules have migrated to the periphery of the oocyte.
What happens during membrane fusion between the oocyte and the sperm?
The plasma membrane of the oocyte fuses with the equatorial segment, and the fertilizing spermatozoon is engulfed.
What is released into the perivitelline space during membrane fusion?
The cortical granule membrane fuses with the oocyte plasma membrane and the cortical contents are released into the perivitelline space by exocytosis.
What happens after membrane fusion?
After fusion, the nucleus of the spermatozoon is within the cytoplasm, the sperm nuclear membrane disappears, and the nucleus of the sperm decondenses.
What is the cortical reaction?
Calcium-triggered reaction of the oocyte cell membrane where small dense granules called cortical granules undergo exocytosis and release their contents into the perivitelline space.
What is the zona block?
A process whereby the zona pellucida undergoes biochemical changes so that no further sperm can penetrate the zona.
What is the vitelline block?
Reduction of the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa.
What is syngamy?
The fusion of the male and female pronuclei.
What does Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) encompass?
Technology used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and surrogacy.
What is artificial insemination?
Introduction of sperm into the female's uterus or cervix for the purpose of achieving pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse.
What is in vitro fertilization?
The union of egg and sperm in vitro, followed by the transfer of embryos into the uterus through the cervix for pregnancy to commence.
What is Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)?
A reproductive technology where eggs are removed from a female's ovaries and placed in one of the fallopian tubes along with male sperm.
What is Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)?
Used when a blockage in the fallopian tubes prevents normal binding of sperm to the egg; egg cells are removed, in vitro fertilized, then the resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube.
What is Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?
A technique where sperm is injected directly into the eggs in the laboratory, used if infertility originates from the male.
What happens during embryo transfer?
Embryos are placed into the uterus of a recipient female surrogate to establish a pregnancy, accompanied by hormone treatment to induce multiple ovulation (MOET).
What are the advantages of MOET?
1. Shorter period of breed improvement 2. Improvement of stock quality 3. Preservation of superior gene quality 4. Multiplication of rare or endangered species 5. Lower transportation/importation cost 6. Contribution to the study of sterility or low fertility 7. Increased rate of twinning or multiple births.
What are the disadvantages of MOET?
1. Technique is complex 2. Expensive 3. Adverse effects of hormones 4. Difficult labor (dystocia) 5. Injury from surgical approach, adhesion, scarring, death by anesthesia 6. Neglect of animal welfare 7. Possibility of international misconduct.
What is Cloning or Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)?
A process involving removal of the nucleus of the oocyte, injection/implantation of a diploid nucleus of a somatic cell, activation of the master genes that have been shut down in the original somatic cell, and creation of a new but the same organism.
How is sex determined in mammals compared to avians?
In mammals, females are homozygous and males are heterozygous. In avians, it is reversed; females are heterozygous while males are homozygous.
What is karyotyping?
A technique used to identify abnormalities in chromosomes.
What are some chromosomal abnormalities mentioned?
1. Down Syndrome: 47 chromosomes (XXY) 2. Klinefelter Syndrome: XXY 3. Turner Syndrome: XO.
Untitled Flashcards
Study
Send to Chat
AI Edit
Normal Text
Highlight
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
Study key concepts in developmental anatomy with detailed flashcards on gametogenesis and more.
Developmental Anatomy
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Cell Cycle
+7 more
Ask Scholarly Assistant
Similar Pages
Login to Leave a Comment
Give your feedback, or leave a comment on a page to share your thoughts with the community.
Login