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CAPSTONE 3RD QTR EXAM
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CAPSTONE 3RD QTR EXAM
3rdQ-Capstone-Notes.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What are the steps in scientific research?
Answer
1. Identification of Subject Area 2. Problem Definition and Identification 3. Literature Review 4. Selecting and Critiquing Research Journals 5. Data Gathering 6. Data processing and analysis 7. Implications and conclusions 8. Publish and communicate results
2
Question
What is a research problem and how is it defined?
Answer
A research problem may refer to a question or issue observed in the surroundings that needs to be addressed. It can be stated through a Problem Statement, Research Objectives, or Research Questions.
3
Question
What are the characteristics of a good research problem?
Answer
- Researchable - Theoretically and practically significant - Socially relevant and worth investigating - Original and novel - Specific - Feasible - Ethical
4
Question
What is the importance of constructing a literature review in research?
Answer
To convey the current state of research in the field, identify gaps for new research, and provide credibility to the study.
5
Question
What are the criteria for selecting and critiquing research journals for literature review?
Answer
- Most respected: 80% Scopus-indexed journals, government documents, policy papers - Okay to use in moderation: 20% Journals published in universities, white papers, conference proceedings - Use sparingly: 5% Sources from reputable news channels, credible websites - Avoid altogether: Nonscholarly sources like Wikipedia, predatory journals, less reputable sources
6
Question
How should I organize my Literature Review?
Answer
Chronological, Thematic, Theoretical, Methodological, Qualitative versus quantitative research, Empirical versus theoretical scholarship, Divide the research by sociological, historical, or cultural sources
7
Question
What are some potential risks in research related to safety and environment?
Answer
Chemical hazards (corrosives, carcinogens, flammable materials, toxic substances), Physical and safety hazards (laboratory equipment), Biosafety risks, Pollution and environmental risks, Psychological risks
8
Question
What are some common chemical hazards in research and their examples?
Answer
Corrosives (nitric acid, hydrochloric acid), Carcinogens (ethidium bromide, asbestos, benzene), Flammable Materials (alcohol, kerosene, acetone, ethanol), Toxic substances (arsenic, chlorine gas, other heavy metals)
9
Question
What are some examples of physical and safety hazards in research related to laboratory equipment?
Answer
Autoclave (high heat and pressure), Laser Experiments (hazardous without proper protective gear and safety precautions)
10
Question
What is biosafety and how is it related to research?
Answer
Biosafety refers to the equipment, steps, and techniques to ensure no threats are posed. Biosafety cabinets prevent the escape of pathogens in research settings.
11
Question
How does a Literature Review aid in the formulation of hypotheses?
Answer
By conveying the current state of research in the field, a Literature Review helps in formulating hypotheses that meet evaluation criteria such as stating an expected relationship between variables, being testable and falsifiable, consistent with existing knowledge, and stated simply and concisely.
12
Question
How does the Discussion section of a research paper connect to the Literature Review?
Answer
The Discussion section connects to the introduction through the research questions or hypotheses posed and the literature reviewed.
13
Question
How can ethical writing be ensured in Literature Reviews?
Answer
Ethically writing reflects ethical practices, is straightforward, and follows ethical standards in data usage and citation.
14
Question
What are some common hazards in field and laboratory research?
Answer
Chemical hazards, physical and safety hazards related to laboratory equipment, biosafety risks, pollution and environmental risks, psychological risks
15
Question
What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in assessing research studies?
Answer
The IRB is responsible for assessing studies to determine if they have potential risks, particularly in terms of psychological impacts and ethical considerations.
16
Question
What were the norms established on how research should be conducted during the Scientific Revolution?
Answer
Norms on how research should be conducted were established through conversations among academics, ensuring research was done the right way.
17
Question
During the Industrial Revolution, how did research continue to follow the norms set by academics from the Scientific Revolution?
Answer
Research in the Industrial Revolution continued to adhere to the established norms of conducting research the right way, despite facing more challenges due to the expanding body of knowledge.
18
Question
What is the Berlin Code of Ethics and when was it established?
Answer
The Berlin Code of Ethics, also known as the Prussian Standards, was a series of ethical rules regarding human experiments established in 1900 by the Kingdom of Prussia.
19
Question
What led to the breakdown of earlier standards of ethical research conduct during the ascent of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers Party?
Answer
The ascent of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers Party led to the breakdown of earlier standards of ethical research conduct, particularly evident in the largescale medical experiments conducted in concentration camps.
20
Question
What key principles did the Nuremberg Code insist upon regarding ethical research conduct?
Answer
The Nuremberg Code insisted on the voluntary informed consent of individuals to an experiment without coercion, the need to avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering, and the requirement that the experiment is needed to yield fruitful results for the good of society.
21
Question
What occurred as a result of the atrocities and violations of human rights found in military experiments after the Wars?
Answer
The atrocities and violations of human rights found in military experiments led to questioning the safety of scientists conducting such experiments and raised concerns about ethical research conduct.
22
Question
What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research ethics?
Answer
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee that evaluates the potential physical and psychological risks of research involving humans, ensuring the protection of human research participants and student researchers.
23
Question
What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
Answer
To evaluate the potential physical and/or psychological risk of research involving humans.
24
Question
What must happen before any human research experimentation begins?
Answer
All proposed human research must be reviewed and approved by an IRB.
25
Question
What does the IRB aim to protect in research involving humans?
Answer
The human research participant and the student researcher.
26
Question
What is required for most human participant studies?
Answer
Preapproval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) and informed consent/assent from the research participant.
27
Question
What ethical standard should researchers adhere to in their studies?
Answer
Avoid any risk of considerably harming people, the environment, or property unnecessarily.
28
Question
What are some categories of human subjects included in research studies?
Answer
1. Normal healthy adults, including the investigator and elderly persons. 2. Sick adults, including the acutely and terminally ill.
3rdQ-Capstone-Notes.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
Who are considered vulnerable persons in highly controlled situations?
Answer
Prisoners, soldiers, and students
2
Question
What are the forms of harm to human subjects in behavioral research?
Answer
Psychological harm, social stigma, cultural effects, political effects, economic repercussions
3
Question
What is the purpose of a separatory funnel in a laboratory setting?
Answer
To draw off the lower layer of a mixture of immiscible liquids
4
Question
What is the function of a crucible in a laboratory?
Answer
To heat chemicals at high temperatures
5
Question
What is a watch glass used for in experiments?
Answer
To hold solids, evaporate liquids, and heat small quantities of substances
6
Question
What is the purpose of an evaporating dish in a lab experiment?
Answer
To be used at high temperatures for heating substances
7
Question
What is the function of a spot plate in a laboratory?
Answer
Used for small-scale reaction experiments
8
Question
What is the use of a stirring rod in a lab setting?
Answer
To mix or stir fluids during experiments
9
Question
What is the purpose of a wash bottle in a laboratory setting?
Answer
To direct a stream of water for washing or rinsing materials
10
Question
What is a Petri dish commonly used for in the lab?
Answer
To grow cultures of microorganisms
11
Question
What is used to direct a stream of water, such as onto something to be washed or rinsed?
Answer
Glasscollecting Bottle
12
Question
What is a shallow dish used for growing cultures of microorganisms?
Answer
Petri Dish
13
Question
What is used to indicate the pH of a certain substance, turning red in base and blue in acid?
Answer
Litmus Paper
14
Question
What is a three-legged stand that holds containers above a Bunsen burner for heating?
Answer
Tripod
15
Question
What is a sheet of metallic wire mesh with fireproof fabric woven in the center, used to support beakers or flasks when heated with an open flame?
Answer
Wire gauze
16
Question
What is a ring stand and clamp used to support flasks or funnels upright in a stand?
Answer
Iron ring stand and clamp
17
Question
What scientific equipment produces a single flame used for heating substances in a lab?
Answer
Bunsen Burner
18
Question
What is used to secure an extension-type utility clamp to a support stand or ring stand?
Answer
Clamp
19
Question
What is used to light a burner in the laboratory?
Answer
Striker
20
Question
What are the 3Rs in animal research?
Answer
Replacement, Reduction, Refinement
21
Question
Who formulated the 3Rs for improving laboratory animal welfare?
Answer
William Russell and Rex Burch
22
Question
What does the acronym ISEF stand for in the context of animal studies?
Answer
International Science and Engineering Fair
23
Question
What is the definition of Vertebrate in the ISEF rules for animal studies?
Answer
All nonhuman vertebrates, including fish at hatching or birth, live nonhuman vertebrate mammalian embryos or fetuses, tadpoles, bird and reptile eggs
24
Question
What are the rules for ALL Vertebrate Animal Studies according to the ISEF guidelines?
Answer
Research plan justification, review and approval before experimentation, compliance with laws, prohibition of projects causing more than momentary distress
25
Question
What is the definition of vertebrate animals according to the International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF)?
Answer
All nonhuman vertebrates including fish at hatching or birth, live nonhuman vertebrate mammalian embryos or fetuses, tadpoles, and bird and reptile eggs starting three days (72 hours) prior to hatching. There is an exception for zebrafish embryos up to seven days postfertilization.
26
Question
What are the rules for all vertebrate animal studies according to ISEF?
Answer
Research plan justification for animal use and procedures, review and approval required before experimentation begins, compliance with US federal, local, state, and country laws, prohibition of projects causing more than momentary or slight pain or distress, no vertebrate animal deaths due to experimental procedures, monitoring animals for signs of distress and recording weight regularly.
27
Question
What are some prohibited studies on vertebrate animals according to ISEF rules?
Answer
Induced toxicity studies with known toxic substances that could cause pain, distress, or death, behavioral experiments using conditioning with aversive stimuli, studies of pain, predator-vertebrate prey experiments, food or fluid restriction exceeding 18 hours without justification, capture or release of animals from the wild without proper approvals, and euthanasia for tissue removal in school/home/field projects.
28
Question
What are the additional rules for projects conducted at school, home, or in the field according to ISEF guidelines?
Answer
Approval by the Scientific Review Committee (SRC) for studies in natural environments or using standard agricultural practices, adherence to guidelines for noninvasive and nonintrusive methods, proper care, housing, and observation of animals with oversight by a Designated Supervisor, and potential requirement of veterinarian certification for specific experiments.
29
Question
What forms are required for projects conducted in a regulated research institution according to ISEF rules?
Answer
Checklist for Adult Sponsor, Regulated Research Institution Form, Qualified Scientist Form, Vertebrate Animal Form, PHBA Risk Assessment Form, Human and Vertebrate Animal Tissue Form.
30
Question
What is ethics in research and what does it entail?
Answer
Ethics in research are principles or practices that should be followed in conducting research for the protection of participants and the common good. It encompasses all fields of study and research and involves asking questions about right and wrong.
3rdQ-Capstone-Notes.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is a trademark?
Answer
A trademark is any visible sign that can distinguish the goods or services of an enterprise.
2
Question
What does a superscript indicate for trademarks?
Answer
A superscript is used for trademarks that are not yet registered to any IP authority.
3
Question
What is a trade name?
Answer
A trade name is the name in which a trademark refers to.
4
Question
What is the scope of copyright protection?
Answer
Copyright protection is confined to literary and artistic works which are intellectual creations.
5
Question
What do patents refer to?
Answer
Patents refer to any technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity, including inventions or improvements of products or processes.
6
Question
What does WIPO stand for?
Answer
WIPO stands for World Intellectual Property Organization.
7
Question
What is the role of WIPO?
Answer
WIPO leads an effective international implementation of an IP system, encourages creativity and innovation, and serves as a repository of IP-related information.
8
Question
What does the 1987 Philippine Constitution state about IP ownership?
Answer
The 1987 Philippine Constitution states that IP ownership is a right of every Filipino and its economic benefits shall be enjoyed by them.
9
Question
What happens in copyright and patent infringement cases?
Answer
Copyright and patent infringement occur when there is a violation of the exclusive economic and moral rights granted to the copyright or patent owner.
10
Question
What is plagiarism?
Answer
Plagiarism is the act of copying or using work from another person and presenting it as your own.
11
Question
What is research fraud?
Answer
Research fraud involves deception, misrepresentation, and fabrication of scientific work.
12
Question
What is randomization in research design?
Answer
Randomization is the random process of designating treatments to experimental units or samples in a study to remove bias and extraneous variation.
13
Question
What can research fraud become when there are damages to persons or properties by fraudulent scientific research under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines Act No 3815?
Answer
A criminal offense
14
Question
What is randomization in the context of research design principles?
Answer
A random process of designating treatments to the experimental units or samples in the study to remove bias and extraneous variation
15
Question
What is replication in the context of research design principles?
Answer
The process of repeating one basic experiment to secure a more accurate estimate of possible error and decrease experimental error while increasing data precision
16
Question
What is local control in the context of research design principles?
Answer
The amount of balancing, blocking, and grouping of experimental units to increase the efficiency of the assigned experimental design by decreasing experimental error
17
Question
What is the main purpose of randomization in research design principles?
Answer
To remove any form of bias and extraneous variation that cannot be controlled by the researchers
18
Question
What is the main purpose of replication in research design principles?
Answer
To secure a more accurate estimate of possible error present in the experiment and decrease experimental error while increasing the precision of the measured data
19
Question
What is the main purpose of local control in research design principles?
Answer
To increase the efficiency of each assigned experimental design by decreasing experimental error through balancing, blocking, and grouping of experimental units
20
Question
What is the process of random assignment in research design principles?
Answer
Assignment of a number to each subject and randomly drawing numbers as a selection process for treatments in the study
21
Question
What is the process of repeating one basic experiment in research design principles?
Answer
Replication, which involves running another set of complete runs for all treatments being tested in the experiment
22
Question
What does replication help to achieve in research design principles?
Answer
It helps secure a more accurate estimate of possible error present in the experiment and decreases experimental error while increasing the precision of the measured data
23
Question
What does local control involve in research design principles?
Answer
It involves balancing, blocking, and grouping of the experimental units based on homogeneity to increase the efficiency of the assigned experimental design by decreasing experimental error
24
Question
What is the purpose of local control in research design principles?
Answer
To increase the efficiency of each assigned experimental design by simply decreasing the experimental error through balancing, blocking, and grouping of the experimental units
25
Question
What principles do researchers apply to validate their data?
Answer
Principles of research design
26
Question
Is it possible for researchers to apply all principles of research design simultaneously?
Answer
Yes, researchers can apply all principles simultaneously
27
Question
Are there some research topics that only require two out of the three principles of research design?
Answer
Yes, some research topics can only require two out of the three principles of research design
28
Question
What are the methods of mixture separation discussed in the research notes?
Answer
1. Mechanical separation 2. Magnetic separation 3. Filtration 4. Decanting 5. Distillation 6. Evaporation 7. Density separation 8. Centrifugation 9. Paper chromatography