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Cell Division and Growth Concepts
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Cell Division and Growth Concepts
Cell Division and Growth Concepts
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1
Question
What are the specific learning objectives of PHARM 100 in the context of cell division?
Answer
Understand how cell division contributes to tissue growth, regeneration, and the repair of damaged tissues in living organisms. Explore the role of cell division in asexual and sexual reproduction, including the production of gametes, genetic diversity, and the formation of offspring. Investigate the mechanisms by which cell division aids in the healing of wounds, the replacement of damaged cells, and the restoration of tissue function and integrity.
2
Question
What is the basic unit of life in all living organisms?
Answer
All living organisms are composed of cells.
3
Question
How do most plants grow?
Answer
Most plants continue to grow as long as they live through a combination of cell growth and cell division, specifically mitosis.
4
Question
What distinguishes growth in plants from growth in animals?
Answer
Most plant cells undergo extensive size increase unaccompanied by cell division, which is an important distinction between growth in plants and in animals.
5
Question
What happens to the inside volume and outside surface area of a cell as it grows?
Answer
When cells get bigger, their inside volume grows faster than their outside surface area.
6
Question
How does the enlargement of plant cells occur?
Answer
The enlargement of plant cells takes place by a turgor pressure-driven expansion of the cell wall, accompanied by water uptake and a large increase in the size of the vacuole. The growing cells elongate rather than simply enlarge.
7
Question
What is CELL ELONGATION?
Answer
CELL ELONGATION is the process through which the enlargement of plant cells occurs, involving specific mechanisms and structural components within the cell.
8
Question
What are the components involved in cell wall plasticity during cell elongation?
Answer
The presence of components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin facilitates the plasticity of the cell wall, allowing it to stretch and expand without rupturing.
9
Question
What role does turgor pressure play in plant cell enlargement?
Answer
The central vacuole within the plant cell absorbs water, creating turgor pressure that exerts force against the cell wall, causing the cell to elongate.
10
Question
How do microtubules and microfilaments contribute to cell expansion?
Answer
Microtubules and microfilaments, which form the cytoskeleton, guide the direction and orientation of cell expansion and help direct the flow of materials to specific areas of the cell wall.
11
Question
What are expansins and their role in cellular expansion?
Answer
Expansins are proteins that loosen the connections between cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall, allowing for increased cell wall extensibility, which permits the cell to elongate and expand without cell division.
12
Question
What is the role of plant hormones in cell elongation?
Answer
Plant hormones, particularly auxins, regulate cell elongation by influencing the activity of cell wall enzymes and the movement of water and nutrients within the cell.
13
Question
What is DNA replication?
Answer
DNA replication is the process by which a single DNA molecule is copied, resulting in two identical molecules prior to cell division.
14
Question
Why is accuracy in DNA replication important?
Answer
The accuracy and precision in DNA replication ensures the continuity of life from generation to generation, as each new cell must receive a complete DNA replication before cell division.
15
Question
What happens when a cell divides?
Answer
Before a cell becomes too large, it divides, producing two daughter cells, each an exact replica of the parent cell.
16
Question
What is a Prokaryotic Cell?
Answer
A Prokaryotic Cell is a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
17
Question
Where is Prokaryotic DNA located?
Answer
Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell in a darkened region called the nucleoid.
18
Question
What is a Eukaryotic Cell?
Answer
A Eukaryotic Cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions.
19
Question
What do chromosomes contain?
Answer
Chromosomes are thread-like structures within the nucleus containing genetic information DNA that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.
20
Question
What is chromatin?
Answer
Chromatin is granular material visible within the nucleus that consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
21
Question
What is a chromatid?
Answer
A chromatid is one of two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome.
22
Question
What is the function of a centromere?
Answer
The centromere is an area where the chromatids are attached to one another.
23
Question
What are the two major phases of the Cell Cycle?
Answer
Interphase and Mitosis.
24
Question
What occurs during Interphase?
Answer
During Interphase, the cell acquires nutrients, creates and uses proteins and other molecules, and starts the process of cell division by replicating the DNA.
25
Question
What are the phases of Interphase?
Answer
Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA synthesis), and G2 phase (cell growth).
26
Question
What happens during the G1 Phase?
Answer
During the G1 Phase, the cell performs its normal functions, grows in size, synthesizes new proteins and organelles, and replicates organelles as necessary.
27
Question
What occurs during the S Phase?
Answer
During the S Phase, chromosomes are replicated, and DNA synthesis takes place, resulting in the cell having double the genetic material.
28
Question
What is the G2 Phase?
Answer
The G2 Phase is the shortest of the three phases of Interphase where many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.
29
Question
What is mitosis?
Answer
Mitosis is a type of cell division in eukaryotes that creates identical daughter cells.
30
Question
What are the four phases of Mitosis?
Answer
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.