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What are the three functions of the circulatory system?
Transportation, regulation, and protection.
What transportive functions does the circulatory system have?
Blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, digested macros through the liver to body cells, and metabolic wastes, excess water & ions are filtered through kidney and excreted in urine.
What regulatory functions does the circulatory system have?
The blood regulates hormones (via tissues), pH balance (via buffering system), and temperature (via water content of blood).
What protective functions does the circulatory system have?
Clotting mechanisms protect against blood loss and immunity is provided by WBCs and some plasma proteins.
What does the cardiovascular system consist of? How many chambers does it contain and what is it's function
It consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels. The heart is a 4-chambered pump that pushes blood in the vessels to the lungs & body cells.
How does blood travel from and to the heart?
Blood circulates from heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
How does exchanges of fluid, nutrients, & wastes between blood & tissues occur?
Across capillary walls
In which direction do arteries and veins travel? Which one is oxygenated and which one is deoxygenated?
Arteries travel away from the heart and oxygenated while veins travel towards the heart and are deoxygenated.
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
It is composed of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues within the spleen, thymus, tonsils, & lymph nodes.
What is the overall function of the lymphatic system?
It works in immunity and transporting large substances that can't pass through capillaries. It is a one-way street, unlike the cardiovascular system.
Describe the function of the fluids of the lymphatic system?
Fluid from blood plasma exits capillary walls and some of this fluid returns to capillaries and enter lymphatic vessels, becoming lymph.
Describe the function of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes are a security-checkpoint throughout the lymphatic system that cleanse lymph before it returns to the venous blood.
What does blood consist of?
1) Plasma: the watery portion of blood 2) Formed elements: erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets (thrombocytes for clotting) suspended in the plasma.
What are the percentages of plasma, WBCs (buffy coat), and RBCs in blood?
Plasma is 55% of blood, WBCs are 1%, and RBCs/formed elements are 45%.
What percentage of blood is plasma? What is plasma made of and what are it's percentages?
Plasma is 55% of blood, consists of 90% water and 10% solutes. 7% of these solutes are plasma proteins: 1) albumin (60%) 2) globulin (36%) and 3) fibrinogen (4%)
What is albumin?
A small protein that makes blood viscous to maintain blood pressure.
What is globulin?
Proteins include a globulin, b globulin (transport lipids), and gamma globulin (build antibodies).
What is fibrinogen?
A protein essential for blood clotting.
What is serum?
Plasma without clotting factors.
What are antibodies?
AKA immunoglobulins, they are proteins produced by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes.
What are erythrocytes? What is there structure/size? How much of formed elements do they form? How fast do they regenerate from bone marrow?
Mature RBC is an anucleate, biconcave disc, 7-8 μm wide. 99% of all formed elements. Regenerate from red bone marrow at rate of 2 mil./sec.
What do RBCs contain? What can hemoglobin combine with? What are RBCs life span and where are they destroyed?
Contain the protein hemoglobin made of 2- alpha & 2-beta chains, and 4 heme groups, each of which contains an iron ion. Hb can combine with oxygen and transport it to cells via the blood stream, or with CO2 for transport away from cells. RBC life span is about 120 days, then they are destroyed in the liver & spleen.
How does RBCs leave the body?
As feces.
How are RBCs recycled?
Iron from heme is transported by transferrin protein and attaches to ferritin protein & stored in liver & muscles. Iron is picked up by RBC precursors in bone marrow. Heme is converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin, which is secreted in bile by the liver, gives color to urine and feces.
What are the type of leukocytes?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). Remember granulocytes by NEVER let monkeys EAT BANANAS. Remember agranulocytes by LET MONKEYS eat bananas.
What are leukocytes?
WBCs. Nucleated, no hemoglobin, live hrs-years, function in immunity.
What are granulocytes?
Type of leukocytes that have visible granules in their cytoplasm; all are phagocytic.
What are neutrophils?
60% of all WBCs. Have pale lilac granules and have 2-5 lobed nucleus. They are phagocytic, destroy bacteria with lysozyme & defensins. Sometimes called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) due to variably shaped nuclei
What are eosinophils?
3% of all WBCs. They stain red and have 2 nuclear lobes. Counteracts effects of histamine (which increases vascular permeability) in allergic reactions and also destroy parasites.
What are basophils?
1% of all WBCs. They stain blue and have S-shaped nucleus. Similar to mast cells that release histamine in allergic & parasitic reactions, intensifies inflammatory response.
What are agranulocytes?
WBCs with no visible cytoplasmic granules.
What are lymphocytes?
30% of all WBCs. The nucleus takes up most of cell and they mediate immune responses in lymphoid tissues.
What are the types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells
What are B cells? Where do they mature?
They develop into memory cells and plasma cells that secrete antibodies against antigens (esp. bacterial). They mature in bone marrow.
What are T cells? Where do they mature?
They attack fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells. They mature in the thymus.
What are natural killer cells?
They attack tumor cells & virus infected cells.
What are monocytes?
6% of WBCs. They are the largest WBCs; nucleus is oval- horseshoe shaped; develop into phagocytic macrophages that phagocytize pathogens.
What are platelets? Functions? What do they secrete? Life span?
AKA thrombocytes. Megakaryocyte (very large cells) fragments that contain many granules but no nuclei. Functions: Initiate blood clotting. Secrete seratonin, which stimulates blood vessel constriction. Life span is 5-9 days.
What is hematopoiesis?
It is the formation of blood cells. Blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts), which give rise to 5 different -blast cells (nucleated precursor cells).
What are the 5 different -blast cells?
Proerythroblasts, myeloblasts. monoblasts, lymphoblasts, and megakaryoblasts.
What are proerythroblasts?
Become mature erythrocytes (RBCs).
What are myeloblasts?
Become mature neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (granular WBCs).
What are monoblasts?
Become mature monocytes (agranular WBCs), which become phagocytic macrophages.
What are lymphoblasts?
Become mature lymphocytes (agranular WBC B & T lymphocytes, natural killer cells).
What are megakaryoblasts?
Form mature platelets (thrombocytes).
What do hematopoeitic growth factors do? Types?
Stimulate differentiation & proliferation of the different blood cells. Erythroprotein, cytokines, and thrombopoeitin.
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
Hormone produced by kidneys & liver in response to hypoxia, increases proerythroblasts.
What are cytokines?
Small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, etc. Cerebrospinal fluid & Interleukins stimulate WBC formation.
What is thrombopoeitin?
A hormone that stimulates formation of platelets.
What is a red bone marrow?
Myeloid tissue that produces RBCs, granular leukocytes, & platelets.
What do lymphoid & myeloid tissue produce?
Agranular leukocytes.
What is anemia?
Skin is pale due to a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin; caused by blood loss, iron deficiency, xs destruction of RBCs, B12 or folic acid deficiency.
What is polycythemia?
Excess RBCs in the blood; may be caused by cancer of bone marrow or genetics; treated by removing some blood
What is sickle cell disease?
Inherited condition in which abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes, causing RBCs to become sickle shaped, rigid & fragile; new treatments allow patients to survive.
What is leukemia? Symptoms and treatment?
Cancer of leukocyte forming cells in bone marrow causes high WBC count, cancer cells crowd out normal stem cells in marrow. Leukemia patients suffer from anemia, infections, & internal hemorrhaging; Treatment includes bone marrow transplant
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low number of platelets in blood. Results in diminished clot formation & increased internal bleeding.
What is the purpose of blood cell counts?
Used to determine the percentage of formed elements in the blood
What is hematocrit (Hct)?
A measurement of RBC% in whole blood; 38-54% is normal.
What is a Differential WBC Count?
Counts the number of each WBC type to diagnose disease.
What do high neutrophils indicate?
From bacterial infection, burns, stress, or inflammation.
What do high eosinophils indicate?
From allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease, or adrenal insufficiency.
What do high basophils indicate?
From allergic reactions, leukemia, cancers, or hypothyroidism.
What do high lymphocytes indicate?
From viral infections, immune diseases, or leukemia.
What do high monocytes indicate?
From viral (e.g.: Epstein-Barr virus) or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias & chronic diseases.
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Explore the functions and components of the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
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