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PSY110
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What does social perception refer to?
Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social cues to make judgments about social roles, rules, relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness) of others.
What is the focus of object perception?
The focus of object perception is on the effects of emotional states, motives, and values on the ease or difficulty with which objects are perceived and judged.
What is person perception concerned with?
Person perception is focused on how we come to know about other people's intentions, attitudes, ideas, emotions, and behavior, enabling us to describe, understand, explain their behavior, and form or change our impressions, opinions, and feelings about them.
What is the foundation of all human behavior according to the text?
The foundation of all human behavior is the self, our sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals.
What is labeling bias?
Labeling bias is a cognitive bias that involves how labeling an individual can affect their self-perception and the perceptions of others.
What is self-labeling?
Self-labeling refers to the process where individuals adopt labels assigned to them, which can influence their identity and behavior.
What is internalized prejudice?
Internalized prejudice refers to the internalization of societal biases and stereotypes, leading individuals to adopt negative beliefs about their own group.
What is the SEM model in social comparison?
The SEM model, developed by Abraham Tesser, explains the comparison process in self-evaluation maintenance.
What does the looking glass self concept involve?
The looking glass self concept involves alignment, where people seek to create consistency between their internal and external worlds, adjusting their self-perception based on how they believe others view them.
What are the methods of self-presentation listed in the text?
The methods of self-presentation include verbalizations, nonverbal presentation, presentation with props, and associations.
How does a close other's good performance affect a person according to the text?
A close other's good performance has positive personal and relational consequences, referring to how people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others (the audience) view them.
What are the determinants of the self mentioned in the text?
The determinants of the self are culture, which defines the self, and the distinction between individualist and collectivist cultures.
What does the Filipino self as interdependent or relational mean?
The Filipino self as interdependent or relational comprises the set of ideas, images, beliefs, or schemas a person has about the self, emphasizing the unity of self with others rather than a distinct concept.
How do self and culture interact according to the text?
Self and culture construct each other, meaning that cultural practices shape psychological processes, which then transform these cultural meanings and practices.
What analogy did Bulatao use to explain the Filipino self?
Bulatao used the egg analogy to explain the Filipino self.
What is kapwa according to Enriquez?
Kapwa is the combination of the self and others, emphasizing the self in relation to others and representing an interdependent or relational view of self.
What are the nature of inference processes listed in the text?
The nature of inference processes includes temporal extension, assigning of traits, categorization of stimulus, and inference by analogy (which includes metaphorical generalization and functional inference).
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What is Impression Formation?
Impression Formation refers to the process by which one integrates and organizes various sources of information and inferences about another into a consistent meaningful whole or an overall judgment.
What are the cues involved in Impression Formation?
The cues involved in Impression Formation are Verbal and Nonverbal Cues.
What are Verbal Cues?
Verbal Cues are the spoken words and language used by a person that can influence the impression formed about them.
What are Nonverbal Cues?
Nonverbal Cues are the physical expressions, gestures, and other forms of communication that do not involve words, which can influence impression formation.
What influences a person's conclusion about personality in Impression Formation?
A person bases a conclusion about personality on the functioning of some physical attribute.
What is Physical Appearance in the context of Impression Formation?
Physical Appearance refers to how a person's looks can impact the impressions others form about them.
What are Facial Expressions?
Facial Expressions are a form of nonverbal cue that convey emotions and can significantly influence impressions.
What is Paralanguage?
Paralanguage refers to the vocal elements that accompany speech, such as tone, pitch, and volume, which can affect impression formation.
What role does Eye Contact play in Impression Formation?
Eye Contact is a nonverbal cue that can convey confidence, sincerity, and engagement, impacting how impressions are formed.
What is the Additive Model in Impression Formation?
The Additive Model is one of the processes involved in impression formation that aggregates various traits to form an overall impression.
What is the Averaging Model in Impression Formation?
The Averaging Model is a process in which traits are averaged to determine an overall impression of a person.
What does Solomon Asch's research (1940) indicate about traits in Impression Formation?
Solomon Asch's research indicates that not all traits are created equal, and therefore a simple averaging model will sometimes not work for the final overall impression.
What is the Central Traits Effect in Impression Formation?
The Central Traits Effect suggests that some traits exert a disproportionate influence on people's overall impressions, dominating the final judgment.
What does the Weighted Averaging Model attempt to reconcile?
The Weighted Averaging Model attempts to reconcile the averaging model and the central traits effect.
What is Positivity Bias in Impression Formation?
Positivity Bias is the tendency to express positive evaluations of people more often than negative evaluations.
What is the Pollyana Principle?
The Pollyana Principle is the general tendency to rate things positively, often seen in evaluations where people are rated more pleasantly in the absence of specific information.
What is the False Consensus Error?
The False Consensus Error is the tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs and behaviors.
What are the two sources of False Consensus Error?
The two sources of False Consensus Error are Self-justification and Selective Exposure.
What is the effect of Perception of Similarity Because of Liking?
It is the tendency to perceive friends as sharing our characteristics simply because we like them.
What is the Primacy Effect?
The Primacy Effect is the tendency for the first information we receive about someone to have a greater impact on our impressions than later information.
What is the Recency Effect?
The Recency Effect is the tendency for the most recent information we receive to influence our impressions more than earlier information.
What is Belief Perseverance?
Belief Perseverance is the tendency to maintain a belief even after it has been discredited.
What is Cognitive Confirmatory Bias?
Cognitive Confirmatory Bias is the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
What is Behavioral Confirmatory Bias?
Behavioral Confirmatory Bias is the tendency to behave in a way that confirms one's beliefs about a person or situation.
What is Overconfidence Effect?
The Overconfidence Effect is the phenomenon where a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than their objective accuracy.
What is Hindsight Bias?
Hindsight Bias is the inclination to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.
What is the impact of first impressions in relationships?
The impact of first impressions is so strong that it may have implications in relationships, influencing perceptions of others.
What happens when the interaction between the perceiver and stimulus person is extended?
When the interaction is extended or the quality of the relationship goes beyond the superficial level, there is an opportunity to know the real person.
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What are the characteristics of stereotyping?
1. Categorization of people 2. Consensus on attributed traits 3. Discrepancy between attributed and actual traits.
Who proposed the concept of attribution in 1958?
Fritz Heider.
What are the two primary needs of people according to Fritz Heider's attribution theory?
Dispositional Attribution and Situational Attribution.
What is stereotyping in the context of forming impressions?
Stereotyping is the assigning of generalized and value-laden impressions that people of one group use to characterize those of another group.
What identifying characteristics are used to categorize people in stereotyping?
People are categorized according to certain identifying characteristics such as ethnic background.
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
The Fundamental Attribution Error is a bias in attribution which refers to the tendency of people to attribute others' behaviors to their personal characteristics rather than external factors.
What is the Action-Observer Effect?
The Action-Observer Effect is a bias in attribution that highlights the difference in how we perceive our own actions versus those of others.
What is the Motivational Attribution Error?
The Motivational Attribution Error is the assumption that a person's behavior is determined by external factors such as luck, other people's actions, social pressure, or the nature of the situation.
How do perceivers typically agree on the attributes of individuals in stereotyping?
Perceivers agree on the attributes that the persons in the group are categorized by.
What does the term 'biases in attribution' refer to?
Biases in attribution refer to the tendency of people to attribute actions to either personal characteristics or external factors.
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Explore key concepts in social perception, impression formation, and attribution in PSY110 flashcards.
Psychology
Social Perception
Impression Formation
Behavioral Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
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