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Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards
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What is the first step in mitosis?
Prophase (preparation phase)
What occurs in interphase just before mitosis begins?
DNA replication along with organelles and other cellular components, and the cell prepares for division
What is the purpose of meiosis?
To produce reproductive cells (sperm, eggs) and create genetic diversity by combining genes from two parents
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
The DNA recoils, chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, and mitotic spindles begin to form
How many new cells are formed as a result of meiosis?
Four new cells
What is the 2nd step in Mitosis?
Metaphase
How are the chromosomes arranged in Metaphase?
The chromosomes line up the middle of the cell with the help of spindle fibers attached to the centromere of each replicated chromosome
What is the 3rd step in Mitosis?
Anaphase
What happens during Anaphase in Mitosis?
The chromosomes split in the middle and the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell
What is cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the actual splitting of the daughter cells into two separate cells after mitosis.
How does cytokinesis occur differently in plant and animal cells?
Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant and animal cells. In plant cells, it begins with the formation of a cell plate, while in animal cells, it begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow.
What is the beginning of cytokinesis in a plant cell?
The beginning of cytokinesis in a plant cell involves the formation of a cell plate.
What is the beginning of cytokinesis in an animal cell?
The beginning of cytokinesis in an animal cell involves the formation of a cleavage furrow.
What is interphase in the context of meiosis?
Interphase is the phase that precedes meiosis, where the chromosomes have not yet condensed.
What happens to the chromosomes during interphase in meiosis?
During interphase in meiosis, the chromosomes replicate, and the chromatin begins to condense.
What happens in Meiosis Prophase I?
The chromosomes are completely condensed and homologous chromosomes pair with one another.
What happens in Meiosis Metaphase I?
The nuclear membrane dissolves, and homologous chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers preparing to go to opposite poles.
What happens in Meiosis Anaphase I?
The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
What happens in Meiosis Telophase I and Cytokinesis?
The cell begins to divide into two daughter cells, and each daughter cell can get any combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
What happens in Meiosis Prophase II?
The cell has divided into two daughter cells.
What happens in Anaphase II of meiosis?
The chromosomes move to opposite ends of each cell.
What happens in Telophase II of meiosis?
With the formation of four cells, meiosis is over.
What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number in the prospective germ cells?
Each of the four cells carries half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells.
What is the importance of cellular reproduction in the perpetuation of life?
Reproduction, repair of injuries, growth, and development
Describe the cell cycle as an orderly process that results in new somatic cells.
The cell cycle is an orderly process that results in new somatic cells through mitosis and meiosis.
What are the possible consequences if the cell cycle is disrupted?
Possible consequences of disrupted cell cycle include abnormal cell growth, cell death, and genetic mutations.
What are the types of cell division?
The types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis.
Which type of cell division do body cells undergo?
Body cells undergo mitosis.
Which type of cell division do sex cells undergo?
Sex cells undergo meiosis.
What are the organelles involved in cell division?
Nucleus and other organelles play roles in cell division.
What is the function of the nucleus in cell division?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that is replicated before cell division.
What is a centriole?
A small cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.
What is the significance of meiosis in allowing trait inheritance in offspring?
Meiosis allows for the transmission of traits from one generation to the next generation. Traits inherited from both parents depend on genes carried by the sperm and ovum, and during fertilization, the nucleus of the sperm and ovum fuse together, with genes from both parents present in the nucleus of the zygote.
Why is maintaining the diploid number important in each generation?
Meiosis ensures that organisms are always diploid from generation to generation, maintaining the number of chromosomes at each generation. Meiosis produces gametes that are haploid.
What is the role of meiosis in ensuring the production of haploid gametes in sexual reproduction?
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half to produce haploid gametes (ovum and sperm), resulting in diploid offspring.
How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation among offspring?
Meiosis results in gametes with many unique combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, leading to genetic variation among gametes. Crossing over in Prophase 1 also contributes to genetic variation.
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Flashcards covering key concepts of Mitosis and Meiosis processes, including phases, functions, and importance in genetic inheritance.
Biology
Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis
Chromosomes
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