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PHARMACOGNOSY LEC HANDOUT 2023-print (1).pdf Flashcards
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What are triglycerides?
Compounds with fatty acids esterified to the three hydroxyl positions on the glycerol molecule.
What is the difference between glycerides of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in terms of physical state?
Glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids are liquid, while glycerides of saturated fatty acids of sufficient length are solid.
List some common fatty acids and their names:
- Caproic (C6) - Caprylic (C8) - Capric (C10) - Lauric (C12) - Myristic (C14) - Palmitic (C16) - Stearic (C18) - Arachidic (C18) - Oleic - Linoleic - Linolenic - Ricinoleic
What are the classifications of fixed oils based on their ability to absorb oxygen from the air?
1. Drying oils 2. Semi-drying oils 3. Nondrying oils
What is the purpose of hydrogenation of oil?
To produce semisolid fats used as cooking fats and shortenings.
How are sulfated or sulfonated oils obtained?
By reacting sulfuric acid with the oil while keeping the temperature down by chilling.
What type of fats are produced from hydrogenation of oil?
Semisolid fats used as cooking fats and shortenings.
What are saturated fixed oils?
Coconut oil is an example of saturated fixed oil.
What are the classifications of fixed oils based on their ability to absorb oxygen from the air?
1. Drying oils 2. Semi-drying oils 3. Nondrying oils
What is the result of hydrogenation of oils?
Produces semisolid fats that are extensively used as cooking fats and shortenings
How are sulfated or sulfonated oils obtained?
By reacting sulfuric acid with the oil while keeping the temperature down by chilling
What are saturated fixed oils? Provide an example.
Coconut oil. It is obtained from the seed kernels of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) and consists of a mixture of triacylglycerols with 80 to 85% saturated acids. It is semisolid at 20C.
What are the primary fatty acids found in coconut oil?
Lauric and myristic acids
What products can be derived from coconut oil due to its fatty acid composition?
Quality soaps and shampoos, as it yields high-quality soaps due to the presence of low molecular weight acids
Where is palm oil obtained from and what does the name 'Elaeis guineensis' signify?
Palm oil is obtained from the fresh partmesocarp of the fruit of Elaeis guineensis. The name 'Elaeis' is derived from the Greek word elaion meaning oil, and 'guineensis' indicates its origin from the Guinea Coast of Africa.
What are the primary fatty acids in coconut oil?
Lauric and myristic acids
What is the origin of the word 'Elaeis' in Elaeis guineensis?
Derived from the Greek word 'elaion' meaning oil
What does 'guineensis' in Elaeis guineensis indicate?
Its origin on the Guinea Coast of Africa
What are the main uses of palm oil?
Shortening, margarine, frying fat, soap, and candle manufacture
What are the primary fatty acids found in palm oil?
A mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in almost equal proportions
How is palm kernel oil obtained?
As a minor product during the processing of oil palm fruit, from palm kernels after separating, drying, and cracking the nutshell
What are the characteristics of palm kernel oil?
It is a hard oil, closely resembles coconut oil, and is mainly composed of saturated fatty acids
What are the main uses of palm kernel oil?
In cooking oil, margarine, shortening formulations, confectionery, baking products, ice cream, and mayonnaise
What is the scientific name for castor oil?
Ricinus communis
What percentage of fixed oil do castor seeds contain?
45-55%
What are some uses of monounsaturated fixed oils like castor oil?
Commonly used in cooking oil, margarine, shortening formulations, confectionery, baking products, ice cream, and mayonnaise
What is palm kernel oil obtained from?
Palm kernels after separating, drying, and cracking the nutshell
How is palm kernel oil characterized?
As a hard oil that closely resembles coconut oil and is easily interchangeable with it
What is palm kernel oil composed mainly of?
Saturated fatty acids and is solid at ambient temperatures in temperate climates
What are the uses of palm kernel oil?
Cooking oil, margarine, shortening formulations, confectionary, baking products, ice cream, mayonnaise
What is castor oil obtained from?
Ripe seeds of Ricinus communis from the castor bean or castor oil seed
What does castor oil contain besides the fixed oil?
Protein substances, such as globulin, albumin, nucleoalbumin, glycoprotein, and ricin (a toxic lectin)
What toxic substances are found in castor seeds?
Ricin, hemagglutinin, alkaloid ricinine, and other enzymes
What is the ash content in the seed coat of castor beans?
10%
What is the yield of cold-pressed castor oil separated by hydraulic pressure?
60% representing a light-colored good grade
What problem must be solved in castor oil production due to its allergenic nature?
Deactivation of toxic substances and removal of the allergenic fraction
What allergen is found in castor bean pomace that causes allergic reactions in hypersensitive individuals?
Potent allergen in the nontoxic protein polysaccharide fraction
What is the composition of castor oil in terms of triacylglycerols?
About 85% triricinoleoylglycerol, with the remainder consisting of diricinoleoylglycerols with various acyl groups
What is the main compound released when triricinoleoylglycerol is hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase in the duodenum?
Ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid)
What is the main use of castor oil as a medication?
As a stimulant cathartic, typically administered at a dose of 15-60 ml
How is castor oil used externally?
For its emollient effect and as a plasticizer in flexible collodion
Aside from medicinal use, how else is castor oil utilized in different industries?
Employed in the manufacture of soaps, as a lubricant for internal combustion engines, and as a stiffening agent in some pharmaceutical formulations
What is the main component released when Triricinoleoylglycerol is hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase?
Ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid)
What are the uses of ricinoleic acid?
Stimulant cathartic, emollient effect when used externally, plasticizer in flexible collodion, manufacture of soaps, lubricant for internal combustion engines
How is hydrogenated castor oil used in pharmaceutical formulations?
As a stiffening agent
What is the role of ricinoleic acid in a vaginal jelly product?
For restoring and maintaining vaginal acidity
What is another name for olive oil obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europea Linne?
Sweet oil
How is the second grade of edible oil pressed?
Pressed from crushed pulp with more pressure
What is the process to obtain olive oil of superior quality?
Handpicked olives are used and the oil is obtained promptly before decomposition produces fatty acids
What is the process to obtain technical oil or sulfur olive oil of inferior quality?
The pulp mixed with hot water is pressed again for 4 Technical oil or the pulp is extracted with Carbon Disulfide
What process allows for the production of low-grade tournant oil containing large amounts of free fatty acids?
Allowing fallen, decomposed, or refused leaves to ferment
Describe the appearance of olive oil.
Pale yellow or light greenish yellow oily liquid, slight but characteristic odor, bland to faintly acrid taste
What is the specific gravity of olive oil at 25°C?
0.910 to 0.915
What happens to olive oil upon chilling to 0°C?
It becomes cloudy and usually forms a whitish granular mass
What are the 2 major types of olive oil based on the relative concentrations of component acids in the glycerides?
Turkish variety and Italian variety
What are the major acids in the Turkish variety of olive oil?
About 75% oleic acid, 10% palmitic acid, and 9% linoleic acid, with less stearic acid, myristic hexadecanoic acid, and arachidic acid
What are the major acids in the Italian variety of olive oil?
Approximately 65% oleic acid and 15%
What are the 2 major types of peanut oil recognized based on relative concentrations of the component acid of the glycerides?
The Turkish variety and the Italian variety
What are the component acids found in the Turkish variety of peanut oil and their approximate concentrations?
About 75% oleic acid, 10% palmitic acid, 9% linoleic acid, with less stearic acid, myristic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and arachidic acid
What are the component acids found in the Italian variety of peanut oil and their approximate concentrations?
About 65% oleic acid, 15% each of palmitic acid and linoleic acid, and other primary component acids
What are some uses of peanut oil?
Classed as a pharmaceutic aid, used as a setting retardant for dental cement, in the preparation of soaps, plasters, and liniments, as a demulcent, emollient, laxative, nutrient, and salad oil
What is the ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea Linne family Fabaceae commonly known as?
PEANUT
Why is the fruit of Arachis hypogaea not considered a proper nut?
Because the immature pod penetrates the soil and ripens underground.
What does the ripe fruit of Arachis hypogaea contain?
16 reddish-brown seeds
How are the fruits of Arachis hypogaea processed for consumption?
They are roasted, passed between rollers, and the seeds are separated for human consumption.
What is the approximate content of fixed oil in the kernels of Arachis hypogaea?
About 45%
What are the protein content and thiamine content in the kernels of Arachis hypogaea?
20% protein and a high content of thiamine
What is another name for Peanut Oil?
Arachis oil
What is the principal use of Peanut Oil?
As a food oil
In what form is Peanut Oil Cake, the residue following the expression of the fixed oil, valuable?
As livestock food
What is the color of Peanut Oil?
Colorless or yellowish
What is the odor of Peanut Oil?
Slightly nut-like
What is the taste of Peanut Oil?
Bland
Can Peanut Oil be used as a lubricant?
Yes, it has value as a lubricant.
What kind of oil is Peanut Oil in terms of drying?
Non-drying
What is the use of Peanut Oil as a solvent for intramuscular injections?
Solvent for intramuscular injections
What is the principal use of peanut oil?
Food oil
What is the value of peanut oil as a lubricant?
It has value as a lubricant
What kind of soap does peanut oil yield when saponified?
Excellent firm white soap
What is the residue following the expression of peanut oil valuable as?
Livestock food
What is rapeseed oil derived from?
Seeds of Brassica campestris, B juncea, Czerniakowka Cosson, and B napus
What was the erucic acid content in commercial rapeseed oil before 1970?
Up to 50%
Why have varieties of rapeseed been developed with reduced erucic acid content?
Due to indications that erucic acid has antinutritional properties
What is the term used for the oil obtained from rapeseed varieties with reduced erucic acid content?
Canola oil
What are the uses of refined canola oil?
Salad oil, shortenings, margarine, frying oil
What plant does soybean oil come from?
Glycine soja
What is the term used for oil obtained from varieties of rapeseed with reduced erucic acid levels?
Canola oil
What are the uses of refined canola oil?
Used as a salad oil, shortenings, margarine, and frying oil
What is the chemical composition of soybean oil?
Contains up to 20% fixed oil and has an iodine value between 120-141
What is soybean oil used for?
Ingredient in parenteral nutrients, source of lecithin, and used in the manufacture of varnishes and insulators
What is the residue after pressing out oil from soybeans called and how is it used?
Soybean cake, used as livestock food due to its high protein content and ash rich in potassium and phosphorus
What is soybean meal and how is it used?
Flour sifted from ground soybean seeds, deprived of fat and used for various purposes
What is the source of LECITHIN and lipid fraction of soybeans?
Cooking oil from soybeans
What is the residue after pressing out the oil from soybeans used for?
Livestock food, containing protein, oil, potassium, and phosphorus
What is SOYBEAN MEAL?
Flour sifted from decorticated ground soybean seed, deprived of fat. It can be used for the detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum.
What is COTTONSEED OIL?
Refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of cultivated plants of Gossypium hirsutum or other Gossypium species. It is used pharmaceutically as a solvent for injections and in the manufacture of soaps.
What does COTTONSEED CAKE contain and what toxic principle does it have?
Contains about 0.6% toxic principle gossypol, removed by treatment with alkalies
What is SESAME SEED also known as?
Sesamum seed
What is cottonseed oil used for pharmaceutically?
As a solvent for some injections
What is cottonseed oil hydrogenated to make?
Substitutes for lard
What is cottonseed cake's toxic principle?
Gossypol
How can gossypol in cottonseed oil be removed?
By treatment with alkalies
What is the scientific name of sesame seed?
Sesamum indicum
What family does sesame seed belong to?
Pedaliaceae
What is the composition of fixed oil in sesame seeds?
45-55%
What are the proteins in sesame seeds called?
Aleurone
What is the characteristic taste of sesame seeds?
Sweet and oily
What is another name for sesame oil?
Teel oil or benne oil
What gives sesame oil its excellent stability?
Phenolic constituent sesamol
What is produced by hydrolysis of sesamolin in sesame oil?
Sesamol
What is the color of sesame oil?
Pale yellow
What kind of liquid is sesame oil?
Oily liquid
What are sesame seeds used for in Indian cuisine?
As poppy seeds on bread and rolls
What is sesame oil?
Sesame oil is the refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of Sesamum indicum Linne, known as poppy seeds in India.
What are some other names for sesame oil?
Sesame oil is also referred to as TEEL OIL or BENNE OIL.
What is the key phenolic constituent in sesame oil that contributes to its excellent stability?
Sesamol, produced by the hydrolysis of sesamolin, a lignan present in the unsaponifiable fraction of the oil.
What are some uses of sesame oil?
Sesame oil is used as a solvent for intramuscular injections and has nourishing, laxative, demulcent, and emollient properties.
What is the role of sesamolin in sesame oil when used with pyrethrum insecticides?
Sesamolin, contained in the unsaponifiable oil fraction, acts as an effective synergist for pyrethrum insecticides.
What are the sources of almond oil and what are they used for?
Almond oil is obtained from the ripe seeds of sweet and bitter almonds from Prunus amygdalus. Sweet almonds are extensively used as food, while bitter almonds are unsuitable for consumption.
What are almonds expressed for?
Their fixed oil, which is 45 to 50% of the almond.
What is the difference between sweet almonds and bitter almonds in terms of use?
Sweet almonds are extensively used as food, but bitter almonds are unsuitable for consumption.
What is almond oil also known as?
Expressed almond oil or sweet almond oil.
How is almond oil obtained?
By expression from the kernels of varieties of Prunus amygdalus.
What does almond oil consist of?
A mixture of glycerides with component acids.
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
A collection of flashcards on pharmacognosy topics with definitions and classifications.
Pharmacognosy
Fixed Oils
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Hydrogenation
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