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ihbb lec Flashcards
ihbb lec1 prelims.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What are the three functions of the immune system?
Answer
Defense, Homeostasis, Surveillance
2
Question
What are the four components of the immune system?
Answer
Monocyte Macrophage Cell System, T Lymphocytes T cells, B lymphocytes B cells
3
Question
What are the two types of immunity?
Answer
Innate or nonspecific immune response, Adaptive or specific immune response
4
Question
What are epitopes and how are they characterized?
Answer
Epitopes are recognized as foreign by the immune system. They are characterized by foreign nature, molecular size, molecular complexity and composition, and route of administration and dose.
5
Question
What are blood antigens and what are the three common forms?
Answer
Blood antigens are chemical structures embedded in or protruding from RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. The three common forms are Glycoproteins (HLA system), Glycolipids (ABH Lewis Ii and P blood group systems), and Proteins (Rh M N blood group systems)
6
Question
What are the characteristics of antibodies?
Answer
Size, Biologic function, Biochemical properties, Serological activity
7
Question
Which immunoglobulin is the largest of all the antibody molecules and fixes complement?
Answer
Immunoglobulin MU
8
Question
What are some characteristics of foreign antigens?
Answer
Molecular size, molecular complexity and composition, route of administration and dose
9
Question
What are epitopes and how are they recognized by the immune system?
Answer
Epitopes are recognized as foreign by the immune system and can be allogeneic antigens and autologous antigens
10
Question
What are the three common forms of antigens embedded in or protruding from RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?
Answer
Glycoproteins (HLA system), glycolipids (ABH, Lewis, Ii, and P blood group systems), and proteins (Rh, M, N blood group systems)
11
Question
What are some characteristics of antibodies?
Answer
Size, biologic function, biochemical properties, and serological activity
12
Question
What are the characteristics of Immunoglobulin M (IgM)?
Answer
Largest of all the antibody molecules, fixes complement, first antibody to be produced, does not cross the placenta
13
Question
What are the characteristics of Immunoglobulin G (IgG)?
Answer
Most abundant in the plasma, ability to cross the placenta, predominant antibody produced in the secondary response, most clinically significant in blood banking
14
Question
How do antigens bind to antibodies in antigen-antibody complex?
Answer
The binding of antigens to antibodies is based on non-covalent forces like electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces, and hydrophobic forces
15
Question
What are some functions of complement in the immune response?
Answer
Opsonization, anaphylaxis, lysis, chemotaxis
16
Question
What factors affect the reactions between antigens and antibodies?
Answer
Nature of antibodies, concentration of antigens and antibodies, effect of surface charge
17
Question
What are the four subclasses of IgG?
Answer
IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
18
Question
What are some conditions caused by IgG antibodies?
Answer
Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) and Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
19
Question
How is the binding of antigens to antibodies based on?
Answer
Non-covalent forces such as electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, van der Waal forces, and hydrophobic forces
20
Question
What are some factors affecting the reactions between antigens and antibodies?
Answer
Nature of Antibodies, Concentration of Antigens and Antibodies, Effect of Surface Charge, and Use of Reaction Media
21
Question
What are some substances or solutions used in antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
Albumin, Low Ionic Strength Solution (LISS), Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Bromelin, Ficin, Trypsin, and Papain
22
Question
What are the temperature conditions for antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
4°C and 37°C
23
Question
What is the recommended incubation time in saline for antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
30 to 60 minutes in LISS, 10 to 15 minutes
24
Question
Why is thorough washing important in antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
To prevent neutralization of Anti-Human Globulin (AHG) and rapid elution of bound antibodies
25
Question
What is the recommended centrifugation speed and time in antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
1000 RCF for 20 seconds
26
Question
What are some chemical reduction agents used in antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
DTT and B2-mercaptoethanol
27
Question
What is the purpose of Antiglobulin Testing in antigen-antibody reactions?
Answer
Detection of non-agglutinating antibodies, especially IgG1 and IgG3, or complement components C3d affixed to
28
Question
What is the incubation time for PAPAIN in saline and LISS solutions?
Answer
Saline: 30 to 60 minutes, LISS: 10 to 15 minutes
29
Question
What is the recommended temperature range for PAPAIN treatment?
Answer
4°C to 37°C
30
Question
Why is thorough washing after treatment with PAPAIN important?
Answer
To prevent neutralization of AHG and rapid elution of bound Abs
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