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What is a mineral in mineralogy?
A naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement, usually formed by inorganic processes.
What does mineralogy study?
Mineralogy is a scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition, internal crystal structure, occurrence, distribution in nature, and origins based on the physicochemical conditions of formation.
What is crystallography?
Crystallography is the study of crystals, including crystalline solids and the principles that govern their growth, external shape, and internal structure.
What are the three sections crystallography is divided into?
Crystallography is divided into three sections: geometrical, chemical, and physical.
Define a crystal.
A crystal is a regular polyhedral form bounded by smooth faces, assumed by a chemical compound due to the action of its interatomic forces when transitioning from a liquid or gas state to a solid state, with atoms arranged in a highly ordered repeating pattern.
What are the Seven Crystal Systems based on?
The Seven Crystal Systems classify crystals based on their lattice and atomic structure, which can be determined by microscopy of protons or x-rays.
Describe the Cubic (Isometric) crystal system.
In the Cubic (Isometric) crystal system, the three crystallographic axes are all equal in length and intersect at right angles to each other.
Explain the Trigonal/Rhombohedral crystal system.
In the Trigonal/Rhombohedral crystal system, all three axes are of equal length, none are perpendicular to another axis, and the crystal faces all have the same size and shape.
What is unique about the TETRAGONAL crystal system?
In the TETRAGONAL crystal system, three axes are all at right angles, two of which are equal.
What is the Cubic Isometric crystal system?
The three crystallographic axes are all equal in length and intersect at right angles to each other.
What is the Trigonal Rhombohedral crystal system?
All three axes are of equal length and none of the axes is perpendicular to another, but the crystal faces all have the same size and shape.
What is the Tetragonal crystal system?
Three axes all at right angles, two of which are equal in length and one which is different in length.
What is the Orthorhombic crystal system?
Three axes all at right angles and all three of different lengths.
What is the Hexagonal crystal system?
Four axes, three of which fall on the same plane and intersect at the axial cross at 120 degrees between the positive ends. These three axes are the same length, and the fourth axes is different in length.
What is the Monoclinic crystal system?
Three axes all unequal in length, two of which intersect at an oblique angle. The third axis is perpendicular to the other two axes.
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What is another name for bloodstone?
Heliotrope
What causes the color of bloodstone to be a combination of dark green and red?
Iron
What is flint used for in early ages and what is it commonly used for now?
Firestarting tool in early ages; decoration now
What is the German word for feldspar and what does it mean?
Feldspat; consists of the words Feld meaning a field and Spat commonly means a rock
How are feldspars formed and deposited in the Earth's crust?
Originated and crystallized by magma or igneous processes, redistributed and deposited through geological processes like eruption, erosion, or intrusive of lava
How do feldspars benefit agricultural purposes on Earth's surface?
Break down into Earth's surface and provide beneficial minerals for agriculture
What role do feldspars play in ceramics and glass applications?
Fluxing agents to lower melting temperature, improve hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion
Describe the crystal habit of feldspar.
Blocky crystal habit, roughly block-shaped and nearly equidimensional or with sides spreading in multiple directions
What is the Mohs hardness of feldspar?
6
What is the structure of feldspar's framework made up of?
Corner sharing of Orthosillicate SiO4 and Alluminate AlO4 tetrahedrons and positively charged cations like potassium, calcium, and sodium
What are ceramics and glass applications of feldspar?
Feldspar is used as functional fillers for glasses to lower the melting temperature, improve hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion. It is also used in paints and plastics to enhance material properties.
Describe the crystal habit of feldspar.
Feldspar has a blocky crystal habit that is roughly block-shaped and nearly equidimensional, or the sides spread in multiple directions.
What is the Mohs hardness of feldspar?
The Mohs hardness of feldspar is approximately 6 to 6.5, making it harder than typical glass hardness of 5.5.
How many directions of cleavage does feldspar have?
Feldspar has two directions of cleavage that meet at nearly right angles, resulting in flat surfaces intersecting at approximately 90 degrees when broken.
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What is the chemical classification of augite?
A single chain inosilicate
What does the name 'augite' originate from?
The Greek word 'auge' which means brightness
Where is augite commonly found in the US?
Arizona and New Mexico
What are some of the physical properties of augite?
Color: Dark green, black, brown Streak: White to gray to very pale green Brittle
Where can augite be found?
Augite can be found in the US states of Arizona and New Mexico, Caracas in Venezuela, and Fayal in the Azores.
What is the color of augite?
Dark green, black, and brown.
What is the streak color of augite?
White to gray to very pale green.
What is the luster of augite?
Vitreous on cleavage and crystal faces, dull on other surfaces.
What is the diaphaneity of augite?
Usually translucent to opaque, rarely transparent.
What is the cleavage of augite?
Prismatic in two directions that intersect at slightly less than 90 degrees.
What is the Mohs hardness of augite?
5.5 to 6.
What is the specific gravity of augite?
3.2 to 3.6.
What are the diagnostic properties of augite?
Two cleavage directions intersecting at slightly less than 90 degrees, green to black color, specific gravity.
What is the chemical composition of augite?
A complex silicate: CaNaMgFeAlSiAl2O6.
What is the crystal system of augite?
Monoclinic.
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A summary of mineralogy concepts presented in flashcards - from definition to study scope. Get ready to learn!
Mineralogy
Crystallography
Crystals
Geology
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