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PSYC1201 TEST 1
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Week 2
Study
Unconditional Reinforcers
Stimuli that increases our behaviours
Factors that Influence Reinforcement Effectiveness
Immediacy, contingency, individual differences, motivating operations
Motivating Operations (MO)
Includes establishing operations (EO) and abolishing operations (AO) /States of deprivation can change a person's desire/interest in items
When is an Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule used?
Used for when a behavior has been learned and now continuing maintenance.
Schedules of Reinforcements - INT
Intermittent reinforcement schedule (INT) - Some but not every instance of a desired behavior is followed by reinforcement. Used for when a behavior has been learned and now continuing maintenance. Reinforcement fading. Easier to do in a natural setting
Magnitude
The amount of reinforcement may vary, but more intensive reinforcement is more effective
Contingency
Stimulus works as a reinforcer if it is consistently given following the specific behavior
Immediacy
For a consequence to be reinforcing, it must occur immediately after a behavior
What is an Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule?
Some but not every instance of a desired behavior is followed by reinforcement.
Individual Differences
Individual preferences are significant to recognize when creating reinforcement plans
Types of Reinforcement
Conditioned reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, social praise, tokens, money
Schedules of Reinforcements - CRF
Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) - each instance of the desired behavior is followed by reinforcement. Used for new learners acquisition. Effective for changing behavior. Difficult to maintain in a natural setting
What is Reinforcement fading?
When a skill sis mastered at a high level, the prompt is faded to a less intrusive prompt
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Week3
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Variable Interval
The number of responses has no impact on the amount or frequency of reinforcement, only time
Variable Interval
Reinforcement occurs when a desired behaviour happens for a random duration of time around a set
Fixed Interval
The rate of responding would drop after reinforcement and then increase around the time reinforcement was given
Fixed Interval
The number of responses has no impact on the amount or frequency of reinforcement only time
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement occurs when a desired behaviour happens after a set amount of time
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement is provided after an average amount of responses have occurred / produced high and steady states of responding
Fixed Ratio
When a set number of behaviours is followed by reinforcement
Types of Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval,
Intermittent Reinforcement
SOME behaviour is followed with reinforcement / facing or generalization of behaviour
Continuous Reinforcers
Each instance of behaviour is followed with reinforcement / new behaviour
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Week4
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Immediacy
The ability to provide reinforcement directly AFTER a behaviour
Frequency
Fixed Ratio/Variable Ratio ... Fixed Interval/Variable Interval
Factors to Influence the Response
Frequency (SOR), Immediacy, Magnitude, Response Effort
Matching Law
Behaviour Principle that states behaviour occurs in proportion to the reinforcement available
Concurrent Schedule
2 or more reinforcement schedules are working simultaneously/ schedules are independent/ working on 2 behaviours
Conjunction Schedule
Sets up 2 types of schedules and both must be met for reinforcement to occur
Alternative Schedule
Sets up 2 types of schedules and whichever one is met first allows access to the reinforcement
Tandem Schedule
In successive order with no cue to let the person know next expected step OR when reinforcement is possible
Chained Schedule
Can have 2 or more basic schedules but there is an SD (discriminative stimulus) that cues each independent schedule about to start
Mixed Schedules
At least 2 different schedules, no signal to indicate which schedule is occurring
Multiple Schedules
2 or more basic schedules occurring and are successive and independent
Compound Schedules of Reinforcement will have:
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF), Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement, Differential Reinforcement OR various rates of responding, and Extinction
Reinforcement Increases
Frequency, Duration, Intensity, Latency
Variable Interval
Given for first response after a variable amount of time
Untitled Flashcards
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Prompting: Least to Most
Start with the lowest level prompt and then gradually increase ONLY to the level required for the person to complete the task
Prompting: Most to least
The most intrusive prompt is where assistance is started and then fade backwards/ no physical prompting
Extrastimulus Prompt
Involves adding a stimulus to help the person make a correct discrimination and evoke the desired behaviour
Within-Stimulus
Different ways to change the stimuli itself to increase the desired behaviour
Physical Prompt
The person makes physical contact to assist the person in completing the desired behaviour/ Partial or full physical
Modeling Prompt
The person showing/demonstrating the desired behaviour/ Does not show what do do
Gestural Prompt
Physical motioning to increase the probability of a desired behaviour/ Does not show what to do
Verbal Prompt
Words added to assist in the probability of desired behaviour occurring/ Instructions, rules, hints, reminders etc
Stimulus Prompts
Involves some change in a stimulus OR the addition OR removal of a stimulus to make a correct response more likely
Response Prompts
The behaviour of a person that evokes the behaviour of the person in the presence of the discriminative stimuli (SD) / Verbal, Gestural, Modeling, Physical
Types of Prompts
Response and Stimulus,
Fading
The gradual reduction and then elimination of prompts so that the desired behaviour occurs in the presence of the SD
Prompting
The process of applying a functional but irrelevant discriminative stimuli that assist in evoking the correct response
Prompt
An additional discriminative stimuli that assists the individual in providing the correct response so that reinforcement can occur
Week6
Study
Response Generalization
An individual will give the same response to similar stimuli/ does not have to be taught the response to each stimuli
Stimulus Generalization
An individual will respond the same way to different stimuli/ might be very slow
Stimulus Fading
Prompts around the stimuli are removed until the natural discriminative stimuli evoke the correct response
Prompt Delay: Disadvantages
Some individuals may never emit the response without assistance/ Incorrect responses are possible in the pauses
Prompt Delay: Advantages
Provides learners extra time to respond/ Training stimuli does not need to be modified
Prompt Delay
No correct response is initially provided/ The purpose is to allow time for the individual to respond independently before receiving the prompt
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
PSYC1201 TEST 1: Learn about reinforcement, schedules, prompting, and behavioral principles in psychology. Understand how stimuli influence behavior.
Psychology
Behaviorism
Reinforcement
Learning Theory
Behavior Analysis
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