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Dimensions of Health
Study
What is the concept of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is the common meaning of health for everyday use according to the text? Provide a negative and positive definition.
Negative Definition: Absence of disease or illness. Positive Definition: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What are the dimensions of health mentioned in the text?
Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social/Environmental Health, Spiritual Health.
Define holistic health as per the text.
Holistic health is an approach that identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence an individual's health.
Describe wellness according to the text.
Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance quality of life and maximize personal potential.
What is the common meaning of health for everyday use?
Absence of disease or illness
What is the negative definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is the positive definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What are the characteristics of health?
Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social/Environmental Health, Spiritual Health
What are the dimensions of health?
Physical Health, Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social/Environmental Health, Spiritual Health
What is holistic health?
An approach that identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence an individual's health
What is wellness?
Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance quality of life and maximize personal potential
How is well-being defined?
Well-being is a subjective perspective of balance, harmony, and vitality
What is the Travis Wellness Model?
It identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence an individual's health
What factors affect health and illness?
Illness, Hereditary Factors, Behavioral Factors, Environmental Factors
What is illness?
A personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
How is illness defined?
A state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience
What are the precursors of illness?
Hereditary Factors, Behavioral Factors, Environmental Factors
What are Schumann's stages of illness?
Stage 1: Symptom Experience - Transition stage where the person believes something is wrong, experiences physical limitation in functioning
What are the precursors of illness related to hereditary factors?
Family history of conditions like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer
What are the precursors of illness related to behavioral factors?
Cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, and high animal fat intake
What are the precursors of illness related to environmental factors?
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and poor supply of potable water
What are the stages of illness according to Schumann?
1. Symptom experience 2. Assumption of sick role 3. Medical care 4. Dependent patient role 5. Recovery/Rehabilitation
Describe Stage 1 of illness according to Schumann.
Transition stage where the person believes something is wrong, experiences physical limitations, and shows symptoms like fever, muscle aches, malaise, and headache
What is the focus of Stage 2 in Schumann's stages of illness?
Assumption of the sick role, acceptance of the illness, and seeking advice and support for decision-making
Why does a person seek medical care in Stage 3 of Schumann's stages of illness?
To validate the illness, explain symptoms, and receive reassurance or predictions about the outcome
What characterizes the Dependent Patient Role in Stage 4 of Schumann's stages of illness?
The person becomes dependent on health professionals for help, accepts or rejects suggestions, becomes passive, and may regress to an earlier behavioral stage
What is the focus of Stage 5 in Schumann's stages of illness?
Recovery and rehabilitation, adjusting to health changes, giving up the sick role, and returning to previous roles and functions
Define disease.
An alteration in body functions leading to reduced capacities or a shortened life span
What are common causes of diseases related to biological agents?
Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms
What are the stages of illness behavior according to the text?
Stage 1: Symptom experience and interpretation Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role Stage 3: Medical care contact Stage 4: Dependent patient role Stage 5: Recovery/rehabilitation
Define disease according to the text.
An alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span
What are the common causes of diseases listed in the text?
1. Biological agents (microorganisms) 2. Inherited Genetic Diseases 3. Physical agents (hot and cold substances, radiation, ultraviolet rays) 4. Chemical agents (lead, emissions from smoke-belching cars) 5. Tissues response to irritation (fever, inflammation) 6. Metabolic process (inadequate iodine causing goiter, inadequate insulin causing diabetes mellitus) 7. Emotional/Physical reaction to stress, anxiety, fear
What are the risk factors of a disease according to the text?
Genetic and Physiological Factors Age Environmental Lifestyle
How are diseases classified according to etiologic factors as per the text?
1. Hereditary 2. Congenital 3. Metabolic 4. Deficiency
What are the risk factors of a disease?
Genetic and Physiological Factors, Age, Environmental Factors, Lifestyle
What are the classifications of diseases according to etiologic factors?
Hereditary, Congenital, Metabolic, Deficiency, Idiopathic, Degenerative, Iatrogenic
Give examples of diseases classified as hereditary.
Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension
Give examples of diseases classified as congenital.
Cleft lip, Cleft palate
What are metabolic diseases caused by?
Disturbance or abnormality in the intricate processes of metabolism
Give an example of a metabolic disease.
Diabetes mellitus, Hyperthyroidism
What causes deficiency diseases?
Inadequate intake or absorption of essential dietary factors
Give an example of a deficiency disease.
Osteomalacia (Vitamin D deficiency in adults)
What characterizes idiopathic diseases?
The cause is unknown, self-originated, or spontaneous in origin
Give an example of an idiopathic disease.
Cancer
What causes degenerative diseases?
Degenerative changes that occur in tissue and organs
Give examples of degenerative diseases.
Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis
What causes iatrogenic diseases?
Result from the treatment of a disease
Give examples of iatrogenic diseases.
Hypothyroidism after thyroid surgery, Alopecia (hair loss) after chemotherapy
How is acute illness characterized?
Short duration and severity
Give an example of an acute illness.
Appendicitis
How is chronic illness characterized?
Usually longer than 6 months, can affect functioning, may have remission and exacerbation periods
Give an example of a chronic illness.
Hypertension
What is acute illness?
Acute illness usually has a short duration and is severe, examples include appendicitis.
What is chronic illness?
Chronic illness is usually longer than 6 months and can affect functioning in any dimension, examples include hypertension.
What is remission period in relation to illness?
Remission period is the period during which the disease is controlled, and symptoms are not obvious.
What is exacerbation in relation to illness?
Exacerbation is when the disease becomes more active again at a future time with recurrence of pronounced symptoms.
What is subacute disease?
Subacute disease has pronounced symptoms but is more prolonged than acute diseases, an example is subacute bacterial endocarditis.
What is an organic disease?
An organic disease is any health condition in which there is an observable and measurable disease process, examples include inflammation or tissue damage.
What is a functional disease?
A functional disease is where no anatomical changes are observed to account for the symptoms present and may result from responses to stimuli, an example is irritable bowel syndrome.
What is an occupational disease?
An occupational disease results from factors associated with the occupation engaged in by the patient, an example is cancer among chemical factory workers.
What is a familial disease?
A familial disease occurs in several individuals of the same family, examples include hypertensive cancer.
What is a venereal disease?
A venereal disease is usually acquired through sexual relation, examples include AIDS and gonorrhea.
What is an epidemic disease?
An epidemic disease attacks a large number of individuals in a community at the same time, an example is SARS.
What is an endemic disease?
An endemic disease is present more or less continuously or recurs in a community, examples include malaria in Palawan and goiter in Mountain Province.
What is a pandemic disease?
A pandemic disease is an epidemic disease which is extremely widespread, involving an entire country or continent, an example is NCoV.
What is a sporadic disease?
A sporadic disease is a disease in which only occasional cases occur, examples include dengue during the rainy season and leptospirosis during floods.
Familial
Occurs in several individuals of the same family. Examples: hypertensive cancer
Venereal
Usually acquired through sexual relation. Examples: AIDS, gonorrhea
Epidemic
Attacks a large number of individuals in a community at the same time. Examples: SARS
Endemic
Present more or less continuously or recurs in a community. Examples: malaria in Palawan, goiter in Mountain Province
Pandemic
An epidemic disease which is extremely widespread involving an entire country or continent. Example: NCoV
Sporadic
A disease in which only occasional cases occur. Example: Dengue during rainy season, leptospirosis during floods
Primary Prevention
Specific Protection: a) use of specific immunization b) attention to personal hygiene c) use of environmental sanitation d) protection against occupational hazards e) protection from accidents f) use of specific nutrients g) protections from carcinogens h) avoidance to allergens
Secondary Prevention
Also known as Health Maintenance. Seeks to identify specific illnesses or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent or limit disability, and prevent catastrophic effects that could occur if proper attention and treatment are not provided
Leavell and Clark's Agent Host Environment Model
1. AGENT: any factor or stressor that can lead to illness or disease. 2. HOST: persons who may or may not be affected by a disease. 3. ENVIRONMENT: any factor external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to a certain disease
What are the three levels of prevention according to Leavell and Clark?
1. Primary Prevention - Specific Protection, 2. Secondary Prevention - Health Maintenance, 3. Tertiary Prevention - Restoration and Rehabilitation
What is the focus of Primary Prevention (Specific Protection)?
Focuses on the use of specific immunizations, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, protection against occupational hazards, accidents, specific nutrients, carcinogens, and allergens.
What is the focus of Secondary Prevention (Health Maintenance)?
Focuses on early diagnosis and prompt treatment, case finding measures, individual and mass screening survey, prevention of spread of communicable diseases, prevention of complications and sequelae, and shortening the period of disability.
What is the focus of Tertiary Prevention (Restoration and Rehabilitation)?
Occurs after a disease or disability has occurred, focusing on halting the disease or injury process, assisting in obtaining optimal health status, maximizing use of remaining capacities, restoration, and rehabilitation.
What does the Health Promotion Model consist of?
A. Individual Perceptions, B. Modifying Factors, C. Participation in Health.
What are the components of Individual Perceptions in the Health Promotion Model?
1. Perceived susceptibility to an illness, 2. Perceived seriousness of an illness, 3. Perceived threat of an illness.
Give an example of perceived susceptibility to an illness as per the Health Promotion Model.
Family history of diabetes mellitus increases the risk of developing the disease.
Give an example of perceived seriousness of an illness as per the Health Promotion Model.
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease.
Give an example of perceived threat of an illness as per the Health Promotion Model.
Diabetes mellitus causes damage.
What is the purpose of Restoration and Rehabilitation in healthcare?
To assist the person in obtaining an optimal health status and establish high-level wellness, maximizing the use of remaining capacities.
What are the components of the Health Promotion Model?
A. Individual Perceptions, B. Modifying Factors, C. Participation in Health.
What are examples of Individual Perceptions in the Health Promotion Model?
1. Perceived susceptibility to an illness, 2. Perceived seriousness of an illness, 3. Perceived threat of an illness.
What are examples of Modifying Factors in the Health Promotion Model?
1. Demographic variables (Age, Sex, Race), 2. Structural variables (Knowledge about the disease), 3. Sociopsychologic variables.
What are the cues for action in health promotion?
A. Internal cues (fatigue, uncomfortable symptoms), B. External cues (mass media, advice from others).
What is described as the sum of personal health decisions that affect the individual and the community in the Health Promotion Model?
Health Style.
What are the indicators of Health Status in the Health Promotion Model?
A. Personal Health Status (Satisfaction with life, Zest for life, Functional level of physical fitness, Minimum of illness), B. Community Health Status.
What is Health Style defined as?
The sum of personal health decisions that affect the individual and the community
What are some factors that influence Health Style?
Information about health, values, social support, health-related skills, and momentum from health-related decisions
What are some indicators of Personal Health Status?
Satisfaction with life, zest for life, functional level of physical fitness, and minimum illness
What are some indicators of Community Health Status?
Morbidity (rate of illness), Mortality (rate of death), and Life Expectancy
Name some factors that affect Health Behavior and Status
Race (life expectancy differences), Sex (gender differences in lifespan), and Income (income group health differences)
List some activities that promote health and prevent illness
Regular physical exams, PAP tests for women, testicular self-examination for men, dental and eye exams, exercise, no smoking, no alcohol or recreational drugs, healthy diet, regular sleep, and maintaining ideal body weight
What are 4 activities that promote health and prevent illness?
1. Have a regular physical examination yearly, 2. Regular PAP test for women, Monthly BSE (Breast self-examination) for women, Regular testicular self-examination for men, 3. Annual dental examination, 4. Regular eye examination
How often should you exercise and for how long to promote health?
Exercise regularly 3 times a week for 30 minutes each session
What are some habits to follow to promote health and prevent illness?
DO NOT SMOKE (avoid secondhand smoke), Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs, Reduce fat and increase fiber in diet, Sleep regularly, Maintain ideal body weight
UNIT 1.2 - Pharmaceutical Care.pdf Flashcards
Study
Concerns among Health Providers
Potential abuse, misuse, and inappropriate use of drugs; increase in health care cost; patient suffering
Pharmacist
Has a unique body of knowledge and skills to contribute in our health care system; dispenses the appropriate drug product and has the knowledge to assure safe and rational use of drugs
The Ten Star Pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Care Giver, Researcher, Manager, Communicator, Leader, Lifelong Learner, Decision Maker, Entrepreneur, Teacher, Agent of Positive Change
The Patient-Oriented Professional
Able to apply and provide drug knowledge to improve drug use in the health care system
Primary Aim
To attain success in the goals for therapy; pharmacist must approach the patient in the counseling encounter as a HELPER and an EDUCATOR
Patient Quality of Life (PQL)
Welfare of humanity and the relief of human suffering is the primary concern; must learn to view medication use from the patient's perspective
Pharmacy Practice
Medical Model: Patient is passive, trust is based on expertise and authority of pharmacist; Helping Model: Patient is actively involved, trust is based on personal relationship developed over time. Pharmacist identifies problems and determines solutions, pharmacist assists patients in exposing problems and possible solutions, patient is dependent on
What is the primary concern in pharmacy practice?
Welfare of humanity and the relief of human suffering
How should pharmacists approach the patient in counseling encounters?
As a helper and an educator
What must pharmacists learn to view medications from?
The patient's perspective
What are the differences between the medical model and the helping model in pharmacy practice?
Medical model: patient is passive, trust based on expertise. Helping model: patient is actively involved, trust based on personal relationship
What is the goal of pharmaceutical care?
Responsible provision of therapy to improve the patient's quality of life
According to Hepler and Strand, what is pharmaceutical care focused on achieving?
Definite outcomes that improve the patient's quality of life
What are the primary differences between traditional pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, and pharmaceutical care in terms of focus and strategies?
Traditional Pharmacy: focus on Rx orders, strategy to obey. Clinical Pharmacy: focus on physicians, strategy to find fault or anticipate prevention. Pharmaceutical Care: focus on outcomes, strategy to improve
What is the emphasis in the transformation of healthcare from the old paradigm to the new paradigm?
From acute patient care to continuum of care, from treating illness to maintaining wellness, from individual patients to defined populations, and from increasing market share to increasing covered lives
What are the OUTCOMES to be achieved in pharmaceutical care?
1. Cure of a disease 2. Elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomatology 3. Arresting or slowing of a disease process 4. Preventing a disease or symptomatology
What are the FIVE STEPS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PROCESS?
1. A professional relationship with the patient must be established 2. Patient-specific medical information must be collected, organized, recorded, and maintained 3. Patient-specific medical information must be evaluated, and a drug therapy plan developed mutually with the patient 4. The pharmacist must ensure that the supplies, information, and knowledge necessary to carry out the drug therapy plan 5. The pharmacist must review, monitor, and modify the therapeutic plan as necessary and appropriate in concern with the patient and healthcare team
What is emphasized in the old paradigm of healthcare?
Emphasis on acute patient care Emphasis on treating illness Responsible for individual patients All providers are essentially similar Success achieved by increasing market share of inpatient admissions Goal is to fill beds Hospitals, physicians, and health plans are separate
What is emphasized in the new paradigm of healthcare?
Emphasis on the continuum of care Emphasis on maintaining and promoting wellness Accountable for the health of defined populations Differentiation based on ability to add value Success is achieved by increasing the number of covered lives and keeping people well
What are the five steps in the pharmaceutical care process?
1. Establish a professional relationship with the patient 2. Collect, organize, record, and maintain patient-specific medical information 3. Evaluate patient-specific medical information and develop a drug therapy plan 4. Ensure necessary supplies, information, and knowledge for the drug therapy plan 5. Review, monitor, and modify the therapeutic plan as necessary
Step 1 of the pharmaceutical care process involves establishing what with the patient?
A professional relationship
What is done in step 2 of the pharmaceutical care process regarding patient-specific medical information?
It must be collected, organized, recorded, and maintained
In step 3 of the pharmaceutical care process, what is developed mutually with the patient?
A drug therapy plan
What does the pharmacist ensure in step 4 of the pharmaceutical care process to carry out the drug therapy plan?
Supplies, information, and knowledge
What does the pharmacist do in step 5 of the pharmaceutical care process to the therapeutic plan?
Review, monitor, and modify it as necessary and appropriate
UNIT 1.1 - Introduction to Health Care System.1
Study
What is Joint Commission International known as in the Philippines?
Tripartite Accreditation for Health Facilities Inc
What does UHC stand for in the context of healthcare?
Universal Health Care
According to the Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978, what is the fundamental human right related to health?
Health, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
What is the primary purpose of a health system?
To improve healthcare
What is Primary Healthcare (PHC) focused on?
Ensuring the highest possible level of health and wellbeing and their equitable distribution
What is the key message of the Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978 regarding health policy?
Health for All through primary healthcare
Which organization focuses on hospital accreditation in the Philippines?
National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Health Providers
What is the primary goal of a UHC's Three Strategic Test?
Relevant Statistics Population of the Philippines
What is the projected number of live births in the Philippines exceeding the number of deaths in 2023?
1,969,328
What is the definition of health according to the Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is the Tripartite Accreditation for Health Facilities Inc focused on in the Philippines?
Accreditation of health facilities
What important elements are mentioned in the segment about the healthcare system in the Philippines?
Primary Healthcare, Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978, Important Elements of Health Care System in the Philippines
What is the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) focused on achieving?
The highest possible level of health and wellbeing and their equitable distribution by focusing on people's needs and as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care, and as close as feasible to people's everyday environment.
According to the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978), what is health defined as?
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, and is considered a fundamental human right.
What is the goal of the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) regarding health policy?
Health for All through primary health care.
What is the importance of the Declaration of Astana (2018) in relation to primary health care?
It emphasizes the critical role of primary health care and aims to refocus efforts to ensure that everyone everywhere is able to enjoy the highest possible standard of health.
What does the Declaration of Astana (2018) renew political commitment to in terms of primary health care?
Primary health care from governments, NGOs, professional organizations, academia, and global health and development organizations.
What is the significance of primary health care (PHC)?
It provides the programmatic engine for Universal Health Care (UHC), the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and health security, and is an equitable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to enhance people's physical and mental health as well as social wellbeing.
What does the Declaration of Alma-Ata renew political commitment to?
Primary health care
What does primary health care provide the programmatic engine for?
Universal Health Care (UHC), the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and health security
What is primary health care described as in terms of approach and benefits?
An equitable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to enhance physical and mental health, as well as social well-being
What is the main characteristic of primary care?
Front-line or first contact, person-centered, and comprehensive in scope
Where does primary health care operate to address health problems with a wider population focus?
Local community
What does the term 'health care delivery system' refer to?
The network of health facilities and personnel that provide health care to the people
What can primary health care make health systems more resilient to?
Situations of crisis, more proactive in detecting early signs of epidemics, and more prepared to act early in response to surges in demand for service
What are the objectives of health systems?
Improving people's health and well-being, responding to people's expectations, and providing protection against the costs of ill health
What is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide a variety of health services known as?
Philippine health care delivery system
What is PRIMARY CARE?
Front line or First Contact, Person centered, Comprehensive in scope, Not limited to illness episodes or by organ system or disease process involved
What does PRIMARY HEALTH CARE focus on?
Operating in the local community to address health problems with a wider population focus
What is the definition of HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM?
Refers to the network of health facilities and personnel that provide health care services to the people
Describe the PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM.
A complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services
What are the BUILDING BLOCKS OF HEALTH SYSTEM according to WHO?
Governance, Financing, Service Delivery, Health Workforce, Information, Medical Products, Vaccines and Technologies, and Health System Research
What is devolution in the context of health care delivery systems?
When the National Government confers power and authority to local government units to perform specific health functions and responsibilities
What is RA 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, the legal basis of?
Devolution into basic services like Agriculture, Forest Management, Social Welfare, Brgy Level Roads, and Health Services Organizational Structure
What is the key elements in Health Service Delivery according to the text?
Organizing health service as a network of primary care backed up by hospitals and specialized care, Providing a package of health benefits with clinical and public health services, Ensuring access and quality of service, Holding providers accountable for access and quality, Ensuring consumer voice
What are the forms of HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY mentioned in the text?
Public Sector (financed through taxes, budgeting system done locally)
What are the key elements in Health Service Delivery?
- Organizing health service as a network of primary care backed up by hospitals and specialized care - Providing package of health benefits with clinical and public health service - Ensuring access and quality of service - Holding providers accountable for access and quality and ensuring consumer voice
What are the forms of Health Service Delivery in the Philippines?
- Public Sector: financed through taxes, free at the point of care - Public Health: LGUs direct delivery, DOH provides technical assistance and free medicine/vaccines - Private Sector: profit and nonprofit providers, usually market-driven, services not free, insurances and external funding
What are the classifications of Health Facilities based on ownership?
- Government - Private
What are the classifications of Health Facilities based on scope of service?
- General Facilities Hospitals - Specialty Center Hospitals
What are the key elements in Human Resources for Health?
- Achieving sufficient numbers of the right mix of staff - Ensuring system-wide deployment and distribution - Establishing job-related norms and enabling work environment
What are the key elements in human resources for health?
Achieving sufficient numbers of the right mix of staff, Ensuring system wide deployment and distribution, Establishing job related norms and enabling work environment
List the classifications of health facilities according to ownership
Government, Private
List the classifications of health facilities according to scope of service
General Facilities Hospitals, Specialty Center Hospitals
UNIT 1.1 - Introduction to Health Care System.2
Study
How many categories of health workers are trained in the Philippines?
At least 22 categories
What are the top four categories of health professionals working in health institutions in the Philippines?
Nurses (90,308), doctors (40,775), midwives (43,044), and medical technologists (13,413)
Which category of health workers is the largest in the Philippines?
Nurses and Midwives
Where are more hospital-based doctors, nurses, PTs, and OTs found - in the private sector or government sector?
Private sector
Which regions in the Philippines have a higher proportion of government health workers than others?
NCR, Regions III, and IVA
What career choices are government-based positions perceived as by newly trained MDs?
Not attractive due to isolation from colleagues and lack of incentives
What is the distribution scheme for pharmaceuticals in the Philippines?
Supply-driven distribution scheme, with drugstores being the main source for medicine
What constraints exist in accessing essential drugs in the Philippines?
Limited availability, irrational use, and high costs
What does the FDA Center for Device Regulation and Radiation Health Research in the Philippines focus on?
Developing plans, policies, programs, and strategies for regulating health and health-related devices and technology
What is the most basic equipment for medical devices across the country in the Philippines?
General radiography
What is the distribution scheme for pharmaceuticals in the Philippines?
Supply-driven distribution scheme
Where do the majority of the population avail their medicine in the Philippines?
Drugstores
In which type of hospitals in the Philippines does monopolistic pricing exist in drug sales?
Private hospitals
What are the constraints in accessing essential drugs in the Philippines?
Limited availability, irrational use, high costs
What agency in the Philippines develops plans, policies, programs, and strategies for regulating health-related devices and technology?
FDA Center for Device Regulation and Radiation Health Research
Which type of equipment represents the most basic equipment across the country in the Philippines?
General radiography
In 2016, how many radiography X-ray machines were licensed by the DOH in the Philippines?
4733
Where are generic retailers located in the Philippines?
High-density, low-income neighborhoods in cities like Metro Manila
What are the key elements in health financing in the Philippines?
Raising sufficient funds for health, pooling financial resources, using funds efficiently and equitably
What is the public share for health spending in the Philippines?
Low public share
How many mammography machines are there per 1 million population?
87
How many MRIs are there per 1 million population?
46
How many X-ray machines are there per 1 million population?
42
How many CT machines are there per 1 million population?
08
Where are generic medicine retailers located in cities like Metro Manila?
High-density, low-income neighborhoods
What do generic retailers sell at lower costs?
High-volume over-the-counter medicines
What are the key elements in health financing?
Raising sufficient funds for health, pooling financial resources, sharing financial risks, using funds efficiently and equitably
What is the current state of health financing in the Philippines in terms of public share for health spending?
Low public share, high proportion of out-of-pocket spending, fragmented and inequitable
What is the role of PhilHealth in the Philippines?
National Health Insurance Corporation providing coverage through various programs
What are the 3 major groups of payers of healthcare in the Philippines?
Government, Social Health Insurance, Private Sources
What is RA 7875 in the Philippines related to healthcare?
National Health Insurance Act of 1995
What is RA 10606 in the Philippines related to healthcare?
Amendment to RA 7875 for mandatory coverage of all citizens
What is the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)?
Government agency providing health insurance coverage through various programs
What program of PhilHealth covers all employees in government and the private sector?
Employed Sector Program
What program of PhilHealth covers the self-employed and those not covered by other programs?
Individually paying program
What program of PhilHealth covers the poorest segment of the population?
Sponsored Program
Which segment of the population does the Sponsored Program of PhilHealth cover?
The poorest of the poor
What is the main purpose of RA 7875 (National Health Insurance Act of 1995) and RA 10606 (Amended Republic Act No 7875)?
To institute a national health insurance program and establish the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, providing mandatory coverage for all citizens in accordance with the principles of universality and compulsory coverage.
What is the Employed Sector Program under the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)?
It ensures compulsory coverage of all employees in government and the private sector.
What is the Individually Paying Program under PhilHealth?
It offers voluntary coverage for the self-employed and others not covered by other programs.
What is the Sponsored Program of PhilHealth?
It covers the poorest of the poor segment of the population.
What does the National Telehealth Service Program (NTSP) aim to achieve?
It aims to improve communication capabilities, provide better access to up-to-date information, consultations with clinical specialists, and other forms of support for health professionalism in remote communities.
What is RxBox?
A biomedical device designed to provide better access to lifesaving health care services in geographically isolated disadvantaged areas, functioning as an ECG, blood pressure apparatus, pulse oximeter, and fetal heart monitor.
What is the difference between Teleconsultation and Telereferral?
Teleconsultation involves sending patient data to seek advice, while Telereferral is sending data to refer a case to another healthcare provider.
What is NTSP?
NTSP aims to improve communication capabilities and provide better access to up-to-date information consultations with clinical specialists, and other forms of support for health professionalism remote communities or those providing health care to marginalized areas.
What is eMedicine?
eMedicine is a platform for tele-referrals, providing access to remote consultations with clinical specialists and other forms of support for health professionals in remote communities.
What is RxBox?
RxBox is a biomedical device designed to provide better access to life-saving health care services in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas. It can function as an ECG, blood pressure apparatus, pulse oximeter, and fetal heart monitor.
What is the difference between Teleconsultation and Telereferral?
Teleconsultation involves sending data of a patient for advice on a case, while Telereferral involves sending the data of a patient that needs to be transferred to another facility.
What is eRecords?
eRecords refer to the storage of patients' records online, allowing for computerized retrieval of patients' records.
What is eSurveillance?
eSurveillance involves electronic monitoring of health indicators and performance, and can also be used for epidemiological purposes.
What is the role of Joint Commission International (JCI)?
JCI helps international healthcare organizations, public health agencies, and health ministries evaluate, improve, and demonstrate the quality of patient care while accommodating specific legal, religious, and cultural factors in a particular country. They have been accrediting healthcare organizations since 1999.
What is the purpose of the Philippines Tripartite Accreditation for Health Facilities Inc (PTAHF Inc)?
PTAHF Inc is an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to improving and promoting quality and safety in the delivery of healthcare in the Philippines through the continuing review of performance assessment.
What is the purpose of healthcare organizations, public health agencies, and health ministries in evaluating patient care quality?
To evaluate, improve, and demonstrate the quality of patient care while accommodating legal, religious, and cultural factors.
When did the accreditation of healthcare organizations begin?
Accrediting healthcare organizations began in 1999.
How many public and private healthcare organizations have been accredited by the accrediting body since its establishment?
Approximately 450 public and private healthcare organizations in 50 countries have been accredited.
What is the Philippines Tripartite Accreditation for Health Facilities Inc (PTAHF Inc) dedicated to?
It is dedicated to improving and promoting quality and safety in healthcare delivery in the Philippines through performance assessment and accreditation.
What is the Hospital Accreditation Commission (HAC) and what is its significance in the Philippines?
HAC is the only Department of Health (DOH)-mandated and the first PhilHealth-recognized third-party accrediting body in the country.
What is the role of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) in the United States?
JCAHO evaluates and accredits nearly 15,000 healthcare organizations and programs in the United States.
What is the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH) and its Philippine representative HealthCORE involved in?
NABH and HealthCORE have launched a global program that accredits hospitals, clinics, blood banks, medical laboratories, dental clinics, spas, fitness centers, and cosmetic and skin care centers.
What are some important elements of the healthcare system in the Philippines?
Health professionals, institutions, community agencies, funders (mainly government), industry, planning coordinating agencies, and the public are important elements of the healthcare system in the Philippines.
What is the concept of Universal Healthcare (Kalusugang Pangkalahatan) in the Philippines?
It is a provision that aims to ensure every Filipino has access to the highest quality healthcare that is accessible, efficient, equitably distributed, adequately funded, and fair.
What does NABH stand for?
National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Health Providers
What types of facilities can NABH accredit through its global programme?
hospitals, clinics, blood banks, medical laboratories, dental clinics, spas, fitness centers, and cosmetic and skin care centers
What are the important elements of the healthcare system in the Philippines?
Health Professionals, Institutions, Community Agencies, Funders (government and industry), Planning Coordinating agencies, The public
What is the Universal Healthcare in the Philippines called in Filipino?
Kalusugang Pangkalahatan
What is the provision of Universal Healthcare in the Philippines?
Every Filipino should have the highest possible quality of health care that is accessible, efficient, equitably distributed, adequately funded, fairly financed, and appropriately used by an informed and empowered public
What is the name of the act that implements Universal Healthcare in the Philippines?
RA 11223 Universal Healthcare Act
What is the main goal of Universal Healthcare in the Philippines?
To ensure every Filipino is healthy, protected from health hazards and risks, and has access to affordable quality and readily available health services suitable to their needs
What are the three strategic tests of the Universal Healthcare in the Philippines?
1. Financial risk protection through expansion in enrollment and benefit delivery of the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) 2. Improved access to quality hospitals and health care facilities 3. Attainment of health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
What is one of the objectives of the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP)?
Financial risk protection through expansion in enrollment and benefit delivery
What is another objective of the NHIP aside from financial risk protection?
Improved access to quality hospitals and health care facilities
What goals does the NHIP aim to contribute towards achieving?
Attainment of health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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UNIT-IB-Basic-Management-Concepts-Management-Theories.pdf Flashcards
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What is the main focus of mainstream management in terms of effectiveness?
Maximizing materialist individualist outcomes such as productivity, competitiveness, and profitability.
What is the main focus of multistream management in terms of effectiveness?
Finding a balance among multiple forms of well-being for multiple stakeholders, including material, individual, social, ecological, intellectual, physical, and spiritual aspects.
What are the key functions that mainstream managers focus on and how do they perform effectively?
Mainstream managers focus on Planning (measurable goals, rationally designed strategies), Organizing (standardization, specialization, centralization), Leading (motivating others to achieve goals), and Controlling (vigilant monitoring of performance).
What are the key functions that multistream managers focus on and how do they perform effectively?
Multistream managers focus on Planning (practical wisdom, participation, higher order goals), Organizing (courage, experimentation), Leading (relational self-control, treating members with dignity), and Controlling (fairness, sensitivity to suboptimal conditions).
What are the criteria for determining the impact of a management decision in the Dyck Neubert management view?
Significant impact, meaningful impact, agreed-upon consensus, relevance, and timely consideration of every aspect.
What is the difference between mainstream SMART goals and multistream SMART2 goals in the Dyck Neubert management view?
Mainstream SMART goals refer to Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Timely goals, while Multistream SMART2 goals add an additional '2' for considering the impact on stakeholders.
What is the goal setting approach followed in the Dyck Neubert management view?
Management by Objectives (MBO) system where managers and employees define goals for departments, projects, and individuals, using them to monitor performance.
What are the higher-order goals emphasized in the text?
Organizing via courage and experimentation, Leading via relational self-control and treating members with dignity, Controlling via fairness and being sensitive to suboptimal conditions
What impact will the higher-order goals make?
SIGNIFICANT
How much impact will the higher-order goals make?
MEANINGFUL
How can a consensus be reached according to the text?
AGREED UPON
Why will the higher-order goals make an impact?
RELEVANT
When is the best time to consider the higher-order goals according to the text?
TIMELY
What is the abbreviation for SMART goals mentioned in the text?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART)
What does MBO stand for?
Management By Objectives
What is the system whereby managers and employees define goals for every department, project, and person?
Management By Objectives (MBO)
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