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What is absolute space in human geography?
Objective, physically real with measurable extent and definable boundaries, key for map making, description, analysis, and explanation of spatial distributions.
Why is making a 2D map of a 3D globe not 100% accurate?
Because cartographers cannot perfectly represent the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional map; some accuracy is inevitably lost.
What is relative space in human geography?
Subjective, perceptual, and variable over time, involving guesstimates in terms of topological maps, scale, distance, and positioning.
What is the concept of spatial interaction in human geography?
It refers to the nature and extent of the relationships or linkages between locations, influenced by distances and connections between them.
According to Waldo Tobler, what is the first law of geography?
"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things."
What does location refer to in human geography?
Location refers to a particular position in space, a specific part of the Earth's surface.
What is absolute mathematical location in human geography?
It is relatively stable and unchanging, defined by latitude and longitude coordinates using an arbitrary mathematical grid, like 80°W, 43°N.
What is relative perceived location in human geography?
It is subject to change and interpretation, such as describing a location as a short drive from downtown or adjacent to a specific landmark like Cootes Paradise.
What is spatial interaction in geography?
Spatial interaction is related to the distances between locations and the physical and intangible connections between them.
What is Tobler's First Law of Geography?
"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things" - Waldo Tobler, 1970.
What is location in geography defined as?
Location refers to a particular position in space, a specific part of the Earth's surface.
What is absolute location?
Absolute location is a relatively stable and unchanging mathematical location, such as latitude and longitude coordinates using an arbitrary mathematical grid like 80°W 43°N.
What is relative location?
Relative location is a perceived location that is subject to change and interpretation, such as being a short drive from downtown or adjacent to a specific landmark like Cootes Paradise.
What is nominal or toponym location?
Nominal or toponym location refers to a location identified by a common place name or toponym. Place names can provide a degree of locational understanding.
What can place names signify in geography?
Place names can be contested and can change over time, for example, Iqaluit (formerly Frobisher Bay) or Derry (Londonderry).
What is a place in geography defined as?
A place is a location with a particular identity, meaning, or significance, which can be individual or collective.
What is meant by the term 'sense of place'?
Sense of place refers to the personally significant attachments we associate with certain places, which can be positive or negative.
What does the term 'Sense of place' refer to?
The personally significant attachments we associate with certain places.
What is Placemaking?
The transformation of space or location into place.
What is a Sacred place?
A location with particular significance to an individual or a group, usually but not necessarily for religious reasons.
Define 'Placeless'.
Often linked to homogeneity and standardization, such as chain stores, restaurants, and suburban subdivisions.
What is a Region in geography?
A part of the Earth's surface that displays internal homogeneity and is relatively distinct from surrounding areas according to certain criteria.
What does Regional geography study?
Areal differentiation by utilizing both physical and human geographic understandings of the world.
What is Regionalization?
The process of classifying locations or areas of the Earth's surface into various regions.
What is region?
A part of the Earth's surface that displays internal homogeneity and is relatively distinct from surrounding areas according to certain criteria.
What is regional geography?
The study of areal differentiation which utilizes both physical and human geographic understandings of the world.
What is regionalization?
The process of classifying locations or areas of the Earth's surface into various regions to simplify our complex world and its geographic patterns.
What is the goal of regional geography?
To find similarities among places and simplify the complex world into regions based on similarities.
Why do regions vary?
Regions vary due to subjectivity, scale (spatial perspective), and theme (thematic perspective).
What is scale in regional geography?
A way to think about society at different levels or layers such as global, national, regional, provincial, city, and neighborhood.
What is landscape in the context of regional geography?
The visual representation of a region's physical and cultural characteristics.
Why may regions vary in different aspects?
Regions may vary for a number of reasons, such as subjectivity, scale, and theme.
What is the difference in regional understandings based on scale perspectives?
Regions vary depending on one's spatial perspective, such as local scale vs. Global scale.
How can regions vary based on thematic perspectives?
Regions vary depending on one's thematic perspective, such as in terms of physical characteristics, economic activities, and social/cultural values.
What is the concept of scale in understanding society?
Scale refers to thinking about society at different levels or layers, such as global, national, regional, provincial, city, and neighborhood.
What is landscape in geographical terms?
Landscape is the characteristics or overall appearance of a particular area or location, comprising a combination of natural and human influences.
What is a cultural landscape?
A cultural landscape is the outcome of the interaction between people and their environments, representing the visible human imprint on the land.
How did colonialism affect cultural landscapes?
Colonialism devastated many traditional Indigenous cultural landscapes, leading to efforts of reclaiming, restoring, and taking inspiration from them.
What is distance in geographical context?
Distance refers to the amount of space between two or more locations, including absolute/physical distance, time/travel distance, economic distance, and psychological/perceptual distance.
What is the human imprint on the land?
Each cultural group imprints itself on the landscape in different ways, such as reclaiming, restoring, or taking inspiration from Indigenous architecture.
What are some impacts of colonialism on Indigenous cultural landscapes?
Colonialism devastated many traditional Indigenous cultural landscapes.
What is distance in geographical terms?
Distance refers to the amount of space between two or more locations.
What is absolute physical distance?
It is the shortest distance between two places regardless of land obstacles.
What is time travel distance?
Time travel distance refers to how long it takes to get somewhere using different modes of transportation like driving, walking, or bussing.
What is economic distance?
Economic distance is the cost of getting somewhere, including expenses like plane tickets, gasoline, and long-distance calling rates.
Define psychological perceptual distance.
Psychological perceptual distance is the process by which humans acquire information about physical and social environments, interpreting their lived experiences and how long it feels to them.
What is distance decay?
Distance decay refers to the effects of distance on spatial interaction, where the intensity of interaction diminishes with increasing distance, leading to friction decay.
What is accessibility in geography?
Accessibility is a variable quality of a location that expresses the opportunity for interaction with other locations.
What is connectivity in geography?
Connectivity refers to the direct and indirect linkages between two or more locations, including tangible connections like highways and intangible connections like immigrant homeland ties.
Define distribution in geography.
Distribution is a measure of the relationship between the number of geographic phenomena and a unit of area, including concepts like density and concentration/disperson.
Friction Decay
A measure of the restraining effect of distance on human interaction and movement, with greater time and cost incurred as distance increases.
Accessibility
A variable quality of a location expressing the opportunity for interaction with other locations.
Connectivity
The direct and indirect linkages between two or more locations, including tangible connections like highways and intangible connections like immigrant homelands.
Distribution
A measure of the relationship between the number of geographic phenomena and a unit of area, often related to density.
Density
The amount of people in a certain space, indicating how crowded or sparse an area is.
Concentration/Dispersion
The spread of geographic phenomena over a given area, with concentration referring to objects close together and dispersion to objects far apart.
Pattern
The spatial arrangement of geographic phenomena in a given area, including linear, rectilinear, random, and uniform patterns.
Cultural Landscape
The characteristics or overall appearance of a particular area resulting from human modification of the natural environment, reflecting unique adaptations by cultural groups.
What is scattered dispersion?
Occurs when the distance between geographic phenomena is large and objects are far apart.
What is spatial pattern?
The geometric arrangement of geographic phenomena in a given area, such as linear, rectilinear, random, uniform, or ordered.
What is cultural landscape?
The characteristics or appearance of a particular area resulting from human modification of the natural environment, reflecting unique adaptations of human environments by cultural groups.
What is spatial distribution?
Refers to the arrangement of geographic phenomena in space, often explained by the distance between them and their spatial organization.
What is diffusion?
The process of geographic phenomena spreading over space and through time, depending on distance, density, and friction of distance.
What is cultural diffusion?
The spread of cultural phenomena, such as ideas, innovations, and art, over space and through time, in two main forms.
What is diffusion in geography?
The movement and spread of a geographic phenomena across space and over time, depending on distance, density, and friction of distance.
What is cultural diffusion?
The process of cultural phenomena (ideas, innovations, art, etc.) spreading over space and through time.
What are the two main forms of cultural diffusion?
The two main forms are expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion.
Relocation diffusion
One of two basic forms of diffusion in which the geographic phenomena are physically moved from one area to another, such as through immigration or trade.
Expansion diffusion
The spread of ideas, cultural characteristics, etc., from one area to another via the physical movement of people (e.g., immigrants).
Expansion diffusion
One of two basic forms of diffusion in which geographic phenomena spread from one area to another through an additive process.
Hierarchical diffusion
One of two forms of expansion diffusion in which the geographic phenomena spread first to key people or places and then gradually throughout the rest of a population or area. Ideas, innovations, diseases, etc., leapfrog from one important person to another or from one city to another.
Contagious diffusion
One of two forms of expansion diffusion in which geographic phenomena spread rapidly and throughout an area. The rapid and widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. Outward spread from the starting point.
Perception and mental mapping
Much of our engagement with real environments (physical or human) actually occurs through a personal lens. Our experiences with these environments are actually determined by how we perceive them to be rather than how they actually are.
Mental maps
A unique personal representation of reality, unique to individuals. They reflect imperfect knowledge and perceptions drive behaviors, not reality.
Amish and non-Amish children drawing
Amish children drew their home and nature like a painting, while non-Amish children drew...
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the process of a characteristic spreading throughout a population over space and through time.
What is perception and mental mapping in the context of human geography?
Perception and mental mapping refer to how individuals experience and interact with their environments, shaping their behaviors based on their personal perceptions rather than objective reality.
What are mental maps?
Mental maps are unique personal representations of reality that individuals create based on their perceptions and knowledge, which may not always be accurate.
What is cartographical perspective in human geography?
Cartographical perspective refers to viewing and interpreting geographic phenomena, such as spatial distribution and patterns, through a map-like lens.
What is spatial distribution in human geography?
Spatial distribution refers to the spatial arrangement of geographic phenomena, including density, concentration, and pattern.
What is density in spatial distribution?
Density is a measure of the relationship between the number of geographic phenomena (e.g., people) and a unit of area, typically expressed as a ratio.
What is concentration in spatial distribution?
Concentration refers to the spread of geographic phenomena (e.g., people) over a given area and can be clustered/agglomerated/concentrated or dispersed/deagglomerated/scattered.
What is pattern in spatial distribution?
Pattern refers to the geometric arrangement of geographic phenomena (e.g., people) in a given area, which can be linear, rectilinear, random, uniform, or ordered.
What is cultural diffusion?
Cultural diffusion is the process of cultural phenomena (e.g., ideas, innovations, trends, languages) spreading from one culture to another over time and across space.
What is concentration typically expressed as?
A ratio
What is clustered/agglomerated/concentrated?
Occurs when the distance between geographic phenomena, e.g., people, is small, sometimes around a nucleus
What is dispersed/deagglomerated/scattered?
Occurs when the distance between geographic phenomena, e.g., people, is large
What is pattern in geography?
The geometric regular or random spatial arrangement of geographic phenomena, e.g., people, in a given area (e.g., linear, rectilinear, random, uniform, ordered, etc.)
What is diffusion?
The process of geographic phenomena spreading over space and through time
What is cultural diffusion?
The process of cultural phenomena, e.g., ideas, innovations, trends, languages, spreading over space and through time
What are the two forms of cultural diffusion?
1. Relocation Diffusion (geographic phenomena physically moved from one area to another, e.g., through immigration or trade) 2. Expansion Diffusion (geographic phenomena spread from one area to another through an additive process)
What is contagious diffusion?
Geographic phenomena spread rapidly and throughout an area, influenced by the number and proximity of contacts (e.g., infectious diseases, gossip, etc.)
What is hierarchical diffusion?
Geographic phenomena spread first to key people or places and then gradually throughout the rest of a population or an area, influenced by influential people (e.g., new tech, fashion, music, etc.)
What is spatial interaction in geography?
The nature and extent of the relationship or linkages between locations, where the extent of spatial interaction is related to the distances between locations and the physical and intangible connections between them
What is distance decay?
The effects of distance on spatial interaction, generally related to the intensity of the interaction
What is the term used to describe phenomena that spread rapidly throughout an area, influenced by number and proximity of contacts (e.g., infectious diseases, gossip)?
Contagious Diffusion
What type of diffusion occurs when geographic phenomena spread first to key people or places and then gradually throughout the rest of a population or an area, influenced by influential people (e.g., new tech, fashion, music)?
Hierarchical Diffusion
What is spatial interaction?
The nature and extent of the relationship or linkages between locations, related to the distances between locations and the physical and intangible connections between them
What is Distance Decay?
The effects of distance on spatial interaction, where the intensity of interaction diminishes with increasing distance
What does Friction of Distance measure?
The restraining effect of distance on human interaction and movement, where greater time and cost are incurred with increasing distance
How can distance be overcome in terms of spatial interaction?
Through new transportation and communication technology
What is Accessibility in geography?
A variable quality of a location expressing the opportunity for interaction with other locations, where increased accessibility leads to more linkages between locations
What is Connectivity in geography?
The direct and indirect linkages between two or more locations, encompassing tangible and intangible connections
Give examples of Tangible Connections in terms of connectivity
Highways, trains, etc.
Give examples of Intangible Connections in terms of connectivity
Immigrants, culture, etc.
What is a map in geography?
A flat 2D representation of the Earth's surface with geographic features including people, places, and geographic information, used to communicate information and analyze spatial problems
How are maps described as socially constructed?
Maps are products of human interpretation and reflect cultural biases, power dynamics, and geopolitical interests
What is the main challenge in mapping regarding projections?
Projection is the process of transforming the Earth's curved surface onto a flat map, which introduces distortion in various forms
What is connectivity in the context of locations?
The direct and indirect linkages between two or more locations.
What are tangible connections in terms of location quality?
Highways, trains, etc.
What are intangible connections in terms of location quality?
Immigrants, culture, etc.
What is a map?
A flat 2D representation of the Earth's surface with geographic features, including people, places, and geographic information.
What is the purpose of maps?
To communicate information and help analyze/solve spatial problems.
How are maps socially constructed?
Maps are socially constructed and should be read with a critical lens.
What is a projection in the context of mapping?
A process to transform the spherical surface onto a 2D map.
What are the three different forms of projections with differing types of distortions?
Cylindrical, Conical, Azimuthal.
What is latitude in the system of identifying absolute locations?
The angular distance of a point on the surface of the earth, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds North and South of the equator.
What are lines of constant latitude called?
Parallels.
What is longitude in the system of identifying absolute locations?
The angular distance of a point on the Earth, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds East and West of the Prime Meridian.
What is a time zone?
A region of the earth that observes a uniform standard time, with 24 hours of the day corresponding to 360 degrees of longitude.
What is latitude?
The angular distance of a point on the surface of the Earth measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds North and South of the equator, which is 0 degrees.
What are lines of constant latitude called?
Parallels
What is longitude?
The angular distance of a point on the Earth measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds East and West of the Prime Meridian, which is 0 degrees.
What are time zones?
Regions of the Earth that observe a uniform standard time, with 24 hours corresponding to 360 degrees of longitude and 15 degrees being equivalent to 1 hour.
Why do time zones not always perfectly follow meridians?
Due to political and economic considerations.
What is Daylight Savings Time?
A practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer months to extend evening daylight.
Reference maps
Portrays absolute locations of places and geographic phenomena using a standard frame of reference
Thematic maps
Analytical tool to illustrate and emphasize the special variation of a particular theme or attribute
Dot map
Dots used to represent geographic phenomena to reveal clustering/dispersion patterns (e.g., population, illness, businesses, etc.)
Choropleth map
Uses color or shading to indicate the intensity of geographical phenomena in a given area. Indicates graduated variations in data (e.g., population density, ethnic origin, accessibility to a resource, etc.)
Isopleth map
Uses lines to connect locations of equal value with respect to a geographic phenomena (e.g., daily temperature, air pollution, etc.)
Cartogram
Size and shape of spatial areas are intentionally distorted and replaced by the relative magnitude of the geographic phenomena (e.g., GDP)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Computer hardware and software system that facilitates the collection, storage, analysis, and display of spatially referenced data through layered maps. A powerful tool for analyzing spatial problems using multiple layers
Development
Spatial variations in terms of material well-being. It occurs at global, regional, national, and local scales. It is a process that brings changes in economic prosperity and quality of life, with measures including economic indicators like GDP and GNI
What is GIS?
GIS stands for Geographic Information System. It is a computer hardware and software system that facilitates the collection, storage, analysis, and display of spatially referenced data through layered maps. It is a powerful tool for analyzing spatial problems using multiple layers.
What is development?
Development refers to spatial variations in terms of material well-being at global, regional, national, and local scales. It is a process that brings changes in economic prosperity and quality of life, leading to improvements in material conditions.
What are some measures of development?
Measures of development include economic indicators such as GDP and GNI, as well as holistic measures like health and education. Countries and regions are assessed based on their economic power, wealth accumulation, and overall well-being.
What are some characteristics of the Less Developed World (LDW) compared to the More Developed World (MDW)?
Characteristics of the LDW in relation to the MDW include higher poverty rates, mortality rates, fertility rates, lower literacy levels, and less industrialization. Most of the LDW are former colonies.
What are some theoretical approaches to development?
Prominent theoretical approaches to development include Modernization theory, Dependency theory, and World Systems theory. These theories emerged in response to concerns about achieving economic independence, particularly in newly independent countries in Africa and Asia following decolonization movements.
What are some prominent theories that emerged following the decolonization movements of the 1960s?
Modernization theory, Dependency theory, World Systems theory
What is Modernization Theory?
It describes a path to development in which countries follow stages of industrialization and economic growth.
What are the 5 stages of modernization according to Modernization Theory?
1. Traditional 2. Pre Conditions for Take Off 3. Take Off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption
What is Dependency Theory focused on?
Examining the historical and contemporary geographical relationship between the Less Developed World (LDW) and More Developed World (MDW), mainly tied to conquest and exploitation.
What is World Systems Theory?
A set of ideas that analyze the global economic system as divided between core nations (MDWs), semi-peripheral nations, and peripheral nations (LDWs). It focuses on economic interconnections and inequalities.
Pre Conditions for Take Off
New political leadership, greater acceptance of change, economic diversification
Take Off
Industrial revolution, economic growth
Drive to Maturity
International trade and greater economic competitiveness
High Mass Consumption
Accumulation of wealth, shift towards services
Dependency Theory
Examines the historical and contemporary geographical relationship between the Less Developed World and More Developed World, mainly tied to conquest and exploitation through colonialism
Dependence
Relationship in which one state or people is dependent and therefore dominated by another. Dependence has inhibited colonies from developing. Critics question how some former colonies have made significant economic progress
World Systems Theory
Set of ideas centred around the notion that the world is an interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition that shapes relations between 3 types of countries: Core countries, Semi-peripheral countries, Peripheral countries. Core countries exploited their colonies for labor and natural resources, allowing them to become economically powerful while colonies became dependent. Effects of colonialism still linger today. Contemporary globalization perpetuates this relationship (neo-colonialism)
Measurement of Development
Economic, Social, and something else
Measuring Development - Economic Tools
Measuring Development through Wealth or prosperity (average income), Per capita income, Proxy measures like GDP per capita or GNI per capita
GDP
Market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given time period
GNI
Market value of goods and services produced within a country
What is colonialism and how did it impact the relationships between core countries and their colonies?
Core countries exploited their colonies for labor and natural resources, allowing them to become economically powerful while their colonies became dependent. Effects of colonialism still linger today, with contemporary globalization perpetuating this relationship through neocolonialism.
What are some economic tools used to measure development?
Wealth or prosperity (average income), per capita income, GDP per capita, GNI per capita, and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Define GDP and GNI.
GDP is the market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given time period. GNI is the market value of goods and services produced within a country plus income from foreign investments over a given time period.
What is Global Income Inequality and how is it reflected in GNI per capita?
Global Income Inequality refers to the concentration of global wealth in core countries and global poverty in poor countries. GNI per capita is problematic due to unrecorded transactions in the formal and informal economy, internal inequality within countries, and differences in the cost of living.
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and how is it used to measure cost of living between countries?
PPP is a tool that measures the relative cost of a common market basket of goods and services for comparing the cost of living between countries. It is useful in conjunction with aggregate macroeconomic measures like GDP per capita and GNI per capita. PPP lowers the relative GNI in wealthy countries and raises them in poor countries, compressing the range of incomes.
What is the tool that measures the relative cost of a common market basket of goods and services for comparing cost of living between countries?
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
How does PPP impact the relative Gross National Income (GNI) in wealthy and poor countries?
PPP lowers the relative GNI in wealthy countries and raises them in poor countries
What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
HDI is a numerical measure of how well basic human needs are being met, incorporating health, life expectancy, education, years of schooling, and income (gross national income per capita)
What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) measure?
GII measures the social and economic roles played by men and women, including unpaid employment, homemaking, raising children, political freedom, access to luxuries, environmental quality, and safety
What does the composite index for measuring human needs include?
Health, life expectancy, education (years of schooling), gross national income per capita
What is the range of the composite index for measuring human needs?
0 to 10
What does the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) address?
Addressing inequality
What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) focus on?
Gender equality
What social and economic roles played by men and women are often ignored by most measures of development?
Unpaid employment, homemaking, raising children
What are some examples of aspects that are often ignored by measures of development but are important indicators of development?
Political freedom, access to luxuries, environmental quality, safety
What is the Green Revolution?
The introduction of new technologies including mechanization, fertilizers, pesticides, new crop strains, and more intensive land use that dramatically increased agricultural production, especially in less developed areas, in the 20th century.
What are the consequences of uneven development in relation to hunger?
Concentration of hunger in regions like Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia despite global food production being 15 times more than needed to support the population.
What are the basic caloric requirements for a healthy life according to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and UN?
The recommended minimum is 2100 calories per day, with an absolute minimum of 1800 calories per day, varying based on occupation, age, gender, size, and climate.
What is undernutrition?
A dietary condition where the quantity of food consumed is insufficient to sustain a healthy life.
What is malnutrition?
An umbrella category of dietary conditions where dietary needs are not met due to consuming too little or too much food, or having the wrong balance of foods.
What is the average world caloric consumption?
The average world caloric consumption is around 2780 calories per day, which is 50% higher than the required minimum.
What determines the risk of famine and the causes of severe food shortages?
These are determined by the structural constraints built into the global system, such as unequal distribution of resources and access to food.
What is undernutrition?
Dietary condition where quantity of food consumed is insufficient to sustain a healthy life
What does quality of food refer to?
Adequate proportions of protein, vitamins, minerals, fat, etc.
What is malnutrition?
Umbrella category of dietary conditions where dietary needs are not met through too little/much food or the wrong balance of foods
What is the average world caloric consumption according to the MDW and LDW figures provided?
MDW: 3470, LDW: 2630
What are the causes of severe food shortages and famine risk?
Geopolitical constraints, economic factors, governance issues, structural constraints in the global system
What is the role of food aid in addressing food shortage problems?
Short-term and long-term assistance provided to alleviate food insecurity
What is highlighted as the component of a balanced diet in the context of 'Our Food Future'?
Protein
What factors can influence the consumption and sourcing of protein in diets according to the lecture?
Cultural preferences, physical geographic conditions, levels of development, environmental impacts
What is international aid and what are its main types?
Resources (money, materials, or labor) given by one country or organization to another for crisis assistance or development support. Two main types are development aid and financial aid.
What are some factors that influence how protein is sourced?
Cultural preference, physical geographic conditions, levels of development, environmental impacts
What are the two main types of international aid?
Development financial aid and humanitarian aid
What is bilateral aid?
Aid relationship between two countries
What is multilateral aid?
Aid relationship through an international agency, such as UNDP, IMF, ICRC, etc.
What is Official Development Assistance (ODA)?
Official form of assistance provided by member countries of the OECD to promote development and welfare
What are the goals of providing Official Development Assistance (ODA)?
Provide humanitarian assistance, make strategic investments, incentivize adoption of certain policies, develop allegiances, facilitate regime changes
What is the purpose of humanitarian aid?
To provide short-term response to a crisis, including material aid like food, medicine, and shelter, and logistical support
What is the role of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD?
To promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, poverty eradication, and improvement of living standards in developing countries
What is multilateral aid?
Assistance provided by member countries of organizations like the UNDP, IMF, or ICRC with the goal of promoting development and welfare.
What is Official Development Assistance (ODA)?
Official form of assistance provided by member countries of the OECD, aimed at promoting development and welfare.
What is the purpose of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD?
To promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, poverty eradication, and improvement of living standards in developing countries.
What are the goals of humanitarian aid?
To provide humanitarian assistance, make strategic investments, incentivize adoption of certain policies, develop allegiances, and facilitate regime changes.
What are some examples of private charitable or philanthropic organizations?
NGOs like Live Aid, Make Poverty History, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Who is Chuck Feeney known for?
Giving While Living, having given away most of his fortune, $5 billion, mostly anonymously.
What is remittances?
Transfer of money, often by a foreign worker, to an individual or family in their home country.
Why does humanitarian aid often fail as a long-term solution?
Due to political issues, corruption, and other challenges.
What core inputs to future development can aid finance according to advocates?
Teachers, health centers, transportation, housing, clean water, etc.
Does aid work according to advocates? What is the criticism by critics?
Advocates believe aid serves to finance core inputs for development, while critics believe it is a method for transferring money without significant impact.
What are remittances?
Transfer of money often by a foreign worker to an individual/family in their home country.
How much money did 10 million Bangladeshis send in 2019 through remittances?
18 billion dollars.
Is humanitarian aid a long-term solution? Why or why not?
No, as it often fails due to political issues, corruption, etc.
What is the main purpose of Development and Humanitarian Aid according to advocates?
To finance core inputs for future development such as teachers, health centers, transportation, housing, and clean water.
According to critics, what is a drawback of aid?
It serves as a method of transferring money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries.
Who argued that aid is fueled by MDW guilt due to historical exploitation?
Peter Bauer.
What is the main argument of Peter Bauer regarding aid to LDW countries?
Only donations will help as most aid is directed to serve national interests.
What was the main issue with high-interest loans taken by LDW countries in the 1960s-1980s for development programs?
Paying interest and servicing the debts left less money for social services.
In 1996, which initiative was launched to restructure debt and reduce the burden on heavily indebted poor countries?
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative by the IMF and WB.
What does the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) allow for?
100% relief on eligible debts held by the IMF, WB, and African Development Fund.
What was launched in 1996 to restructure debt and reduce the burden for heavily indebted poor countries?
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative
What initiative allows for 100% relief on eligible debts held by the IMF, World Bank, and African Development Fund?
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)
Which organization provided debt relief in 2007, according to the text?
Inter-American Development Bank (IaDB)
How much does China invest in Africa annually through direct government investment?
$20 billion
What is the name of China's global infrastructure development strategy mentioned in the text?
Belt and Road Initiative
How many small and large Chinese businesses are operating in Africa according to the text?
10,000
What is the Belt and Road Global infrastructure development strategy?
It is a global infrastructure development strategy initiated by China.
How many small and large Chinese businesses are operating in Africa?
There are 10,000 small and large Chinese businesses operating in Africa.
What is driving a fourth industrial revolution in Africa?
The presence and operations of 10,000 small and large Chinese businesses in Africa.
What pressure is mounting on China in relation to Africa?
There is pressure mounting on China to forgive some African debt.
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Flashcards summarizing key concepts in human geography, including absolute and relative space, spatial interaction, and map accuracy.
Human Geography
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Tobler's First Law
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