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What is the definition of nosocomial infection?
Develops 48 hours after admission or within 30 days after discharge from a hospital or health care facility
What is the definition of community-acquired infection?
Infection picked up prior to admission or infection occurs before 48 hours after admission
What are the types of infection?
Local infection (restricted to one area of body) and systemic infection (affects entire body)
What is the definition of autogenous infection?
Infection from the patient's own flora
What does infection control refer to?
Controlling communicable diseases capable of spreading from person to person
What are the means of transmission of infection?
Contact (direct and indirect), droplet, vehicle, airborne, vector-borne
What is the definition of direct contact transmission of infection?
Physical transfer of infective material from the source to a susceptible host
What is the definition of indirect contact transmission of infection?
Transfer of infective materials via an object such as bed linens
How far do droplets travel in droplet transmission of infection?
1 meter or less from the infected individual
What is the definition of vehicle transmission of infection?
Transfer of infective material through contaminated items such as food
What is the definition of airborne transmission of infection?
Droplets that transfer on air currents such as TB
What is the definition of vector-borne transmission of infection?
Transmission by insects such as the Anopheles mosquito for malaria
What does standard precautions or universal precautions assume?
Assumes that all blood and most body fluids are potentially infectious
What must be worn for contact with all body fluids under standard precautions?
Personal protective equipment must be worn whether blood is visible or not
What are the types of body fluids under standard precautions?
Amniotic, peritoneal, pericardial, synovial, pleural, edematous, seminal, cerebrospinal
What are the five points of standard precautions?
Wash hands, wear gloves, wear protective covering, wear a mask and eye protection when appropriate, use designated sharps containers
What are the tactics to reduce the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
Engineering controls, work practices, housekeeping, hepatitis B virus (HBV)
What is included in engineering controls to reduce the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
Devices that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogen hazard from the workplace
What are work practices used to reduce the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
Practices that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the way in which a task is performed
What is housekeeping in the context of reducing the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
Regulations and practices for the purpose of keeping workplace clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition
What are the types of body fluids included in Standard Precautions?
What are the five points of Standard Precautions?
What are engineering controls in the context of reducing the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
What are work practice controls in the context of reducing the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens?
What is the purpose of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination for phlebotomists?
What is the purpose of private rooms in healthcare settings?
What are some practices to follow in work areas to prevent infection?
Avoid smoking, handling contact lenses or applying cosmetics or lip balm in work areas. Store food and drink separate from infectious materials. Clean up spills and decontaminate soiled areas immediately with a disinfectant, such as 10 percent bleach made up fresh daily. Avoid picking up broken glass with hands.
What is the requirement for Hepatitis B Vaccination for phlebotomists?
Must be available free of charge to phlebotomists. Effective for more than 15 years in protecting the phlebotomist from contracting the disease or becoming a carrier. It does not protect the phlebotomist from all types of hepatitis, only hepatitis B.
How do private rooms reduce the transmission of infection?
Private rooms reduce the possibility of transmission of infection by separating patients with a disease from other patients and healthcare associates.
What are some examples of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers?
Masks, goggles, face shields, gowns, gloves.
What is the evolution of Isolation Techniques in healthcare?
Evolution of Isolation Techniques: First technique - Category-specific isolation based on seven isolation categories. Changed to disease-specific isolation with added blood and body fluid precaution. This evolved into transmission-based isolation.
What is the definition of OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)?
What are the basic requirements of OSHA standards for exposure control plan and engineering controls?
What is the purpose of biohazard labels in healthcare facilities?
What must be included in Material Safety Data Sheets for chemicals used in laboratory?
What are the different classes of fire extinguishers?
What is the purpose of Transmission-Based Precautions in healthcare settings?
What protective measures should health care associates take when working with potentially infectious materials?
Wear gloves and protective clothing to minimize splashing, splattering, or generation of droplets.
What information must be on file to indicate the hazards of chemicals used in the laboratory?
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
What type of fire extinguisher is suitable for ordinary combustible materials such as wood and paper?
Class A fire extinguishers (foam, loaded stream, and multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers).
What type of fire extinguisher is suitable for flammable liquids and gases that require the blockage of oxygen to extinguish the fire?
Class B fire extinguishers (carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, loaded stream).
What type of fire extinguisher is suitable for fires in energized electrical equipment?
Class C fire extinguishers (carbon dioxide, dry chemical).
What is the recommended universal fire extinguisher for computer equipment?
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
What type of fire extinguisher is suitable for combustible and reactive metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and lithium?
Class D fire extinguishers (dry powder medium).
What is the key word for action by the National Fire Protection Association in the event of a fire?
RACE: Rescue anyone in danger, Sound the Alarm, Contain the fire, Extinguish/Evacuate.
What type of fire extinguisher is best for fires in energized electrical equipment?
Carbon dioxide and dry chemical
What fires do Class D fire extinguishers typically handle?
Fires of combustible and reactive metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and lithium
What does the acronym RACE stand for in fire safety?
Rescue anyone in danger, Sound the Alarm, Contain the fire by closing doors and/or windows, Extinguish/Evacuate
What safety measure should be taken when working with chemicals that produce toxic or irritant vapors?
Chemicals must be used only in an approved chemical hood. A chemical-resistant apron and face shield should be worn if there is a danger of splashing. Eye wash station and safety shower should be available.
What safety procedures should phlebotomists follow to prevent radiation exposure?
Phlebotomists must be aware of the institution's radiation safety procedures. They may need to be shielded with a special apron or cover gown. Monitoring devices for exposure may include a badge to detect exposure to radioactivity.
What is the most common electrical equipment used by a phlebotomist?
The most common electrical equipment used by a phlebotomist is a centrifuge. Other electrical equipment includes computers, fans, and space heaters. Equipment must be tested for safety and proper operation.
What are the symptoms of Type IV latex allergy?
Type IV latex allergy can cause irritant contact dermatitis resulting in skin irritation. Symptoms begin 24 to 72 hours after exposure.
What are the symptoms of Type I latex allergy?
Type I latex allergy can cause more serious symptoms such as nausea, low BP, respiratory distress, and immunologic reaction up to anaphylactic shock, which is life-threatening.
What are the requirements for the disposal of waste to ensure safety?
The waste must be altered so that used needles, syringes, or other devices cannot be removed for personal use or cause injury. The waste must be rendered noninfectious to prevent infection and contamination of the environment.
What are the methods for the disposal of infectious materials?
Infectious materials can be disposed of by incineration, chemical treatment, or autoclave. Incineration involves burning waste to ashes, potentially killing microorganisms and making items non-usable. Chemical treatment involves grinding or chopping waste into smaller pellets and then treating them with a disinfectant. Autoclave uses steam to treat waste.
What are the requirements for the disposal of waste to prevent injuries and contamination?
Waste must be rendered noninfectious, and the product must be altered so that used needles or syringes cannot be removed for personal use or cause injury.
What are the methods for the disposal of infectious materials?
Incineration, chemical treatment, and autoclave.
What is the purpose of incineration in waste disposal?
To burn waste to ashes, potentially kill microorganisms, and make items nonusable.
What is the purpose of chemical treatment in waste disposal?
To grind or chop waste into smaller pellets and then treat them with disinfectant.
What is the purpose of autoclave in waste disposal?
To sterilize waste using steam sterilization technique.
What are the preventive measures for needlestick injuries?
Eliminate use of needles when safe alternatives are available, implement safety devices, identify hazards and injury trends, set priorities and prevention strategies, and ensure proper training of healthcare workers.
What is the response to accidental biohazard exposure?
Wash exposed area with soap and water, report the incident to supervisor, and arrange testing for HIV and HBV.
What is the recommended response to accidental biohazard exposure?
Wash exposed area with soap and water. Report incident to supervisor immediately.
What must be done if an exposed associate gives consent?
They must be tested for HIV and HBV.
What should be done if the source individual's blood is tested for HIV and HBV, with consent?
If the source patient refuses testing or is HIV or HBV positive or is in a high-risk category, the associate may elect to receive prophylactic treatment.
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Flashcard Deck with questions and answers on infection control, transmission, protective measures, and safety protocols in healthcare.
Medical Procedures
Infection Control
Disease Prevention
Biohazard Safety
Waste Disposal
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