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Oral Comm
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Oral Comm
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Importance of Speech Context
By knowing the speech context of a conversation, we can easily understand the message and make feedback clearly and appropriately.
Speech Context
The environment where communication happens and how the message is relayed during the process.
Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Public Communication 4. Mass Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Communication that focuses on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message.
Interpersonal Communication
Communication that occurs between and among people, creating a personal relationship.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
1. Dyad Communication 2. Small Group 3. Public Communication 4. Mass Communication
Dyad Communication
Communication that happens between two people.
Small Group Communication
Interaction involving at least three but not more than twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions.
Public Communication
Communication that enables sending or delivering a message before a crowd.
Mass Communication
Communication through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
Speech Styles
The way we communicate varies depending on factors such as speech context, purpose, and delivery.
Importance of Speech Styles
The context dictates and affects the way people communicate, resulting in various speech styles.
Types of Speech Styles
1. Intimate 2. Casual
Intimate Speech Style
Used for very close relationships, characterized by private language use.
Casual Speech Style
Conversational in tone, with free and easy participation, and uses general jargon, slang, and colloquial language.
Casual Speech Style
Conversational in tone, free and easy participation, uses general jargon, slang, and colloquial language. Informal communication between friends or peers with shared interests.
Consultative Speech Style
Semi-formal communication, two-way participation, requires background information, professional language, active participants.
Formal Speech Style
Formal words and expressions, complete sentences, technical or academic vocabulary, one-way communication.
Frozen Speech Style
Fixed and static expressions, formal and reserved for very formal situations, such as ceremonies, religious services, state affairs, and court proceedings.
Speech Act
An utterance made by a speaker to achieve an intended effect, such as offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
Speech Act - Types
1. Locutionary Act - literal speech 2. Illocutionary Act - social function of the speech 3. Perlocutionary Act - resulting act of the speech, what the hearer does in response.
Speech Act - Classifications
1. Assertive - expression of belief about truth of a proposition 2. Directive - attempts to make the addressee act 3. Commissive - speaker commits to something.
Proposition
Examples include suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. Example: No one makes better pancakes than I do.
Directive
The speaker tries to make the addressee act, such as asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. Example: Please close the door.
Expressive
The speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions, including thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. Example: I am so sorry for not helping out with our group projects and letting you do all the work.
Commissive
Commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Acts include promising, planning, vowing, and betting. Example: From now on, I will participate in our group activity.
Declaration
An act that brings a change in the external situation. Examples include blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, and passing a sentence. Example: You are fired.
Principles of Speech Writing
The Speech Writing Process
Conducting Audience Analysis
To tailor fit your speech and delivery to your audience
Determining the Purpose of the Speech
Purpose - To inform (provides a clear understanding of the concept), to persuade (provides the audience with favorable and acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas and decisions), to entertain.
Audience Analysis
Entails looking into the profile of your target audience. Demography - age range, male/female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designation. Situation - time, venue, occasion, size. Psychology - values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and needs.
Amuse the audience
Selecting a topic: Your main point
Interest
Narrowing down a topic: Making your main idea more specific and focused
Gathering data
Collect ideas, information sources, and references relevant to the topic
Example Topic: Financial Literacy
Specific Topics: How to Start Saving at an early age, Effective money management of Grade 11 students, Earning money at a young age
Selecting a speech pattern
Structures that will help organize the ideas: Biographical, Categorical, Topical, Comparison/contrast, Causal cause and effects, Chronological, Problem/solution
Preparing an outline
A tool for organizing ideas. Used as a prewriting and post-reading strategy. Can be Decimal or Alphanumeric in structure.
Principles in Making an Effective Outline
Coordination, Subordination, Division, Parallel Construction
Kinds of Outline According to Structure
Topic Outline (uses words and phrases) and Sentence Outline (uses complete sentences)
Parts of Speech
Introduction, Body of Speech, Conclusion
Editing/Revising
Edit for focus, Edit for clarity
What is the main point or message of a speech that needs to be focused on during editing and revision?
The central message of the speech should be the focus, ensuring that everything from the introduction to the conclusion is related to it.
How can one ensure clarity in a speech by arranging examples and supporting details?
Arrange examples and supporting details in logical order, with the main idea presented first followed by the supporting details.
What editing technique emphasizes keeping a speech concise by eliminating unrelated stories and sentences?
Edit for concision by eliminating unrelated stories and sentences, keeping the speech short and simple.
How can continuity in a speech be improved to make it easier to follow?
Improve continuity in a speech by adding transition words and phrases to guide the audience through the speech.
What does editing for variety in a speech involve?
Editing for variety involves shifting tone and style, adding humor, and moving around from formal to conversational and vice versa.
How can a speech be made more impactful and memorable for the audience?
Make a speech memorable by using vivid descriptive images, well-crafted and memorable lines, and figures of speech to surprise and captivate the audience.
What are the guidelines in speech writing associated with the acronym KISS?
Keep it simple and straightforward, avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words, make the speech more personal, use active verbs and contractions, be sensitive to the audience, and use metaphors and other figures of speech.
What are the communication strategies associated with speech interactions?
1. Nomination: proposing a topic/issue 2. Restriction: setting limitations on the topic/subject 3. Turn-taking: providing opportunities for others to talk 4. Topic control: managing the development and shifting of topics 5. Topic shifting: changing the subject in conversation 6. Repair: correcting speech misunderstandings 7. Termination: signaling the end of a discussion
Types of Speeches
1. Extemporaneous Speech
Description
Speaking with limited preparation, guided by notes and outline
Most popular type of speaking situations
Impromptu Speech, Manuscript Speech, Memorized Speech
Impromptu Speech Description
Speaking without advanced preparation, Unrehearsed speech, Spoken conversationally
Speaking Situations for Impromptu Speech
In an event where you are asked to say a few words, First day at work or in class or during an interview
Impromptu Speech Advantages
Spontaneous or natural speaking, More focused and brief
Impromptu Speech Disadvantages
Tendency to be disorganized, Lack connection with the audience
Impromptu Speech Tips
Once you are requested to say something, pause for a moment to plan in your head what to say, State your main point only and deliver it at a pace your audience can follow, End by saying thank you
Manuscript Speech Description
Speaking with advanced preparation, Planned and rehearsed speech, Reading aloud a written message
Speaking Situations for Manuscript Speech
Newscasting with a TelePrompter or an autocue device, Presenting the legal proceedings and verdict in court, Reading the rules and criteria in a contest
Manuscript Speech Advantages
Exact repetition of the written words, Guided speech
Manuscript Speech Disadvantages
Boring and uninteresting preparation, Lacks audience rapport or connection
Manuscript Speech Tips
Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural, Observe accomplished news anchors and note how conversational they sound when they deliver the news
Memorized Speech Description
Speaking with advanced preparation, Planned and rehearsed speech, Reciting a written message word-for-word from memory
Speaking Situations for Memorized Speech
When you perform in a stage play, When you deliver a declamation, oratorical, or literary piece, When an actor or actress performs a script from memory in a scene
Memorized Speech Advantages
Exact repetition of the written words from memory, Maintained eye contact, Free to move around the stage
Memorized Speech Disadvantages
Speakers might end up speaking in a monotone pattern, Alternatively, he/she might have difficulty remembering his/her memorized speech
Memorized Speech Tips
Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural and feel confident, Observe how actors/actresses perform their script in a theater, television, or movie scenes
Generic Tips for Speaking
Look your audience in the eye so they will feel that they are part of your speech, Use conversational style more often, Adjust your volume to the size of the audience and the venue, Vary your rate or speed, Master your voice
Look your audience in the eye
Make the audience feel included in the speech
Use conversational style
Engage the audience by speaking informally at times
Adjust volume to audience and venue
Ensure that everyone can hear you without being overwhelmed by the volume
Vary your rate or speed
Avoid speaking too quickly or too slowly to maintain audience engagement
Master your voice and find your pitch level
Work on controlling and modulating your voice to maintain interest
Use pauses for emphasis
Create impact by pausing at key points in your speech
Pronounce and enunciate correctly
Speak clearly and articulate your words effectively
Avoid fillers
Minimize the use of um, uh, like, you know, etc.
Start by standing straight
Convey confidence and readiness from the beginning of your speech
Use precise movements
Incorporate purposeful gestures that support your message
Dress properly or appropriately
Present yourself in a manner that is suitable for the occasion and audience
Observe ethics
Be prepared, honest, polite, and avoid plagiarism or negative talk about others
Breathe to relax before speech
Calm your nerves and prepare mentally by taking deep breaths
Have fun
Enjoy the experience and let your enthusiasm show
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A guide to Oral Communication: Learn about speech context, styles, principles, writing, editing, and effective speaking techniques.
Communication
Speech
Public Speaking
Oral Communication
Interpersonal Communication
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