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Lecture 6
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What sounds are called liquids?
Rhotic r [ɹ], lateral l [l]
What sounds are called glides?
Palatal glide [j], labiovelar glide [w]
How many lateral phonemes does English have?
English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/, which in many accents has two allophones.
Give an example of a language that contrasts two lateral phonemes.
East Slavic languages (e.g. Russian) contrast [l] and [l̴] but do not have a plain [l].
List all the possible allophones of English /l/ and give examples of words in which these allophones occur (use IPA).
[l] – life – voiced, alveolar (“clear”) [laIf] [l̥] – play – devoiced, alveolar [pleɪ̥] [l̪] – health – voiced, dentalized [hɛl̪θ] [ɫ] – fail – voiced, velarized (“dark”) [feɪɫ] [ɫ̩] – final – velarized, syllabic [ˈfaɪnəl] [l̴] – help – voiced, vocalized, non-syllabic [hɛɫp]
List all the possible allophones of English /t/ and give examples of words in which these allophones occur (use IPA).
Aspirated [tʰ] eg: [tʰɛst] (test) Unreleased (unexploded) [t̚] eg: [stuː̚] (stew) Dentalized [t̪] eg: [eɪt̪θ] (eighth) Glottal stop [ʔ] eg: [ˈbʌʔn̩] (button) Voiced stop (tap) [ɾ] eg: [ˈdeɪɾə] (data)
How is the articulation of dark /l/ different from the articulation of clear /l?
clear [l] is pronounced with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. dark [ɫ] is pronounced with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape, with its back part raised.
What is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP?
Clear [l]is pronounced in the onset of a syllable (before a vowel); Dark [ɫ] everywhere else.
How is the spectrogram of a dark l different from the spectrogram of a clear l?
The spectrogram of a dark /l/ shows characteristics of a velarized consonant, while the spectrogram of a clear /l/ shows characteristics of an alveolar consonant.
What is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP?
Clear [l] is pronounced in the onset of a syllable (before a vowel); Dark [\u028C] everywhere else.
How is the spectrogram of a dark l different from the spectrogram of a clear l?
Praktick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. :-(
What is secondary articulation?
Secondary articulation is involved in co-articulated consonants, with two articulations of different manner. The approximant-like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it. Example: the voiceless labialized velar plosive [k\u02B8\u0079] has only a single stop articulation, velar [k], with a simultaneous [w]-like rounding of the lips, and is usually heard as a kind of [k].
English fricative [ \u028C ] has a secondary articulation. What is it?
The addition of lip rounding to an articulation: e.g. in English, "sh" [\u0289], as in "she".
In RP the lateral phoneme in words like feel or field is pronounced with a secondary articulatory gesture. Explain.
In both words, /l/ is velarized - the back of the tongue goes towards the velum. ("dark l")
" [\Y] as in "she"."
"help\
6. What is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP?
what is the distribution of dark /l/ in RP ? Clear [l] is pronounced in the onset of a syllable (before a vowel) ; Dark [ ɫ ] everywhere else.
How is the spectrogram of a dark l different from the spectrogram of a clear l?
Praktická otázka. :-(
What is secondary articulation?
Secondary articulation is involved in co-articulated consonants, with two articulations of different manner. The approximant-like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it. Example: the voiceless labialized velar plosive [kʷ] has only a single stop articulation, velar [k], with a simultaneous [w]-like rounding of the lips, and is usually heard as a kind of [k].
English fricative [ ʃ ] has a secondary articulation. What is it?
The addition of lip rounding to an articulation: e.g. in English, "sh" [ʃ], as in "she".
In RP the lateral phoneme in words like feel or field is pronounced with a secondary articulatory gesture. Explain.
In both words, /l/ is velarized - the back of the tongue goes towards the velum. ("dark l")
What happened to the phoneme /l/ in the pronunciations [hso3p] “help” or [p¹ipo] “people”? Describe the articulation in prose.
/l/ becomes vocalized - sounds more like the vowel /o/. L-vocalization is a notable feature of some English dialects (e.g. London Cockney).
What is a rhotic liquid?
post-alveolar approximant; “upside down r” - [ɹ]
The sounds written with the letter “r” can be articulated in a number of ways. What different types of r-pronunciations occur in Received Pronunciation and General American English?
[ɹ] (alveolar approximant): Typical for RP. The front part of the tongue approaches the upper gum. [ ʊ ] (retroflex approximant): Characteristic for GA. The tongue-tip is curled back towards the roof of the mouth (‘retroflexion’). or ‘bunched r’ – Also frequent in GA. Whole body of the tongue is bunched upwards and backwards (towards the roof of the mouth and pharynx wall).
The rhotic phoneme has different phonetic realization in various English dialects. What are they?
Alveolar approximant: [ɹ] (RP) Retroflex approximant: [ ʊ ] (GA) Alveolar trill [r] (rolled r): Airstream interrupted by several taps. (Scottish E.) Tap (flap) [ɾ] Just one brief interruption of airflow. Many languages use taps as reduced variants of trills, especially in fast speech (but Spanish contrasts them: pero
What is a retroflex approximant?
It is a rhotic sound produced with the tongue tip curled back and approaching the alveolar ridge.
What is an alveolar trill?
It is a rhotic sound produced with an interrupted airstream by several taps of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.
What is a rolled r (trill) and where is it commonly found?
It consists of several alveolar flaps (brief interruptions of airflow) and is typical for Scottish English, often replaced by a flap in relaxed speech.
What is a tap (flap) and how is it different from a trill?
It involves just one brief interruption of airflow, unlike a trill which has several taps. Taps are used as reduced variants of trills in many languages, especially in fast speech.
What is a uvular trill (‘French r’) and how is it produced?
The back of the tongue approaches the uvula or the soft palate to produce a trilling sound. It is common in French and Northumberland English.
What is a bunched r and where is it common?
It is common in American English dialects, where the whole body of the tongue is bunched upwards and backwards towards the roof of the mouth and pharynx wall.
How are retroflex sounds articulated?
The down side of the tongue tip goes against the alveolar ridge to produce retroflex sounds.
What does the symbol U stand for in narrow transcription?
It represents the retroflex rhotic liquid (approximant).
What do the IPA symbols [ r , , U ] represent?
[ r ] - trill, [ ] - alveolar approximant, [ U ] - retroflex approximant.
What does placing the symbol 0 under , j , w , l indicate in narrow transcription?
It indicates devoicing of the sounds.
Can the symbol 0 be placed under other sounds?
Yes, it can be placed under other primarily voiced sounds, which become voiceless in certain situations (e.g., /b, d, g/ at the end of a word).
What does placing the symbol ~ across an / l / indicate in narrow transcription?
It indicates that the /l/ sound is velarized or 'dark'.
What does the symbol o3 (or u3 ) stand for in narrow transcription?
It represents a non-syllabic, vocalized /l/ sound.
What does it mean for the English rhotic liquid to be realized as retroflex?
It means that the tip of the tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge and may even be curled back to reach the hard palate.
Where can you find a chart of English consonant symbols?
You can find the chart of English consonant symbols in the IPA chart.
Alveolar ridge
A ridge located just behind the upper front teeth, where the tip of the tongue is often placed for certain sounds.
Hard palate
The bony structure at the roof of the mouth, which the tongue may reach for certain sounds.
IPA chart
The International Phonetic Alphabet chart representing the sounds of all languages, including English consonants.
Consonant symbols
The written symbols used to represent consonant sounds in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Consonant X
/X/ = symbol, description of pronunciation (e.g. voiceless, alveolar fricative)
What are phonological rules?
Phonological rules define the environment in which each allophone occurs. They are descriptive, NOT prescriptive. E.g.: Voiceless stops such as /p, t, k/ are unaspirated after /s/ - “skill” [skIl-]
Assimilation
Assimilation is when a sound changes to become more like a neighboring sound, copying a feature of the neighboring sound. E.g.: [hæf.t&] (have to)
Anticipatory Assimilation
When a sound changes with reference to a following segment. E.g.: “bank” /bæNk/ (/n/ is velarized before velar plosive /k/)
Perseverative Assimilation
When a sound becomes more like the preceding sound. E.g.: English suffix -s. (cup, cups ; cub, cubs) [kʌp, kʌps ; kʌb, kʌbz] (/s/ becomes voiced (/z/) after voiced consonants)
Pronunciation of [k, g]
In words ‘cool’, ‘lagoon’ /k, g/ are more lip rounded, because the following /u/ sound is rounded. In ‘keep’, ‘geese’ /k, g/ are more front, because of the preceding front vowel /i/.
Pronunciation of /d/
/d/ is dentalized in “width”, because of following dental fricative /θ/; in “widow” it’s alveolar.
Assimilation of Voicing
E.g. in “example” /sgzæmpl/ (/s/ becomes voiced, after voiced velar plosive /g/)
Assimilation of Place of Articulation
E.g. in “bank” /bæNk/ (/n/ is velarized before velar plosive /k/)
Phonological Rules for Voiceless Alveolar Stop
1) Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels, the second of which is unstressed. 2) /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word. 3) Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are unaspirated after /s/ in words such as spew, stew, etc.
Phonological Rule
Devoicing of aspirated stops in English. Applies to approximants (c, l, j, w). E.g. play [ple6 I], twin [tw6 In]
Phonological Rule
Alveolar stops and alveolar nasals followed by stop sequences become voiced taps when occurring between two vowels, the second of which is unstressed. E.g. winter ['wInt&]
Phonological Rule
The gestures for consecutive stops overlap so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop. Applies to words like acting [ækTtIŋ], typewritten [t¹aIp Ifn], lost balance [lps bæl&nts]
Phonological Rule
Epenthesis of a stop in words such as something, tense, prince, youngster. A homorganic voiceless stop may occur after a nasal before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word.
Syllabic Nasal Consonants
Nasals become syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent. E.g. leaden ['lɛdn], chasm ['kæzm]
Syllabic Liquids
Liquids /l, r/ become syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant. E.g. sabre ['seIbr], razor ['reIzr]
Devoicing of Approximant Consonants
Approximants /w, r, j, l/ are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p, t, k/. E.g. play [ple6 I], twin [tw6 In], cue [kj6u]
Complete devoicing occurs after initial /p, t, k/. E.g. play, twin, cue
Complete devoicing occurs in Czech and English, but in English, it is much more restricted. In English, sonorants are likely to be completely devoiced before a voiceless obstruent in the following word.
Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are aspirated when they are syllable initial
The aspiration rule applies to voiceless stops when they are pronounced at the beginning of a stressed syllable, as in "pip", "test", "kick" [p¹Ip, t¹sst, k¹Ik].
In which of the following words is p aspirated?
paradise, apply, police, republic. The word "paradise" has aspirated /p/.
What does it mean to say that aspiration depends on syllabification?
Aspiration of voiceless stops depends on syllabification as they are aspirated only at the beginning of a stressed syllable and when the cluster is hetero-morphemic and the stop belongs to an unbound morpheme.
Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are in some positions pronounced as glottalized
Syllable final /p, t, k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture, as in the pronunciation of "tip", "pit", "kick" as [tIfp, pIft, kIfk]. This rule does not apply to all varieties of English.
When does glottalization rule apply?
Glottalization rule applies to syllable final /p, t, k/. An example is the pronunciation of "tip", "pit", "kick" as [tIfp, pIft, kIfk].
Voiceless alveolar stop /t/ is in some positions replaced by a glottal stop
The rule applies when /t/ occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word, as in "beaten" ['bifn].
Alveolar stops /t, d/ are sometimes not pronounced
Alveolar stops /t, d/ are reduced or omitted when between two consonants, as in "most people" ['mous 'pipl].
What does it mean to say that in RP / l / is in some positions velarized?
In RP, /l/ is velarized when it is not in the onset of a syllable, which means after a vowel or before a consonant.
Velarization
Lateral /l/ is velarized when NOT in the onset of a syllable (when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word). E.g. “life” [laIf] X “file” [faIf]
Flapping (Tapping)
Alveolar stops (in GA also alveolar nasals+ stop sequences) become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels, the second of which is unstressed. E.g. “winter” RP /wInt&/; GA /wInr&/ “winner” RP /wIn&/; GA /wInr&/
Difference in Pronunciation
The difference in British and American pronunciation of words such as winter or twenty. E.g. “winter” RP /wInt&/; GA /wInr&/ “twenty” RP /twsnti/; GA /twsnri/
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Flashcard deck for Lecture 6 covering English phonemes, articulation, and IPA symbols.
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