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What is C#?
C# is an object-oriented programming language based on C that was developed primarily by Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft chief architect and distinguished engineer.
What is MSIL in C#?
MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) is a set of instructions that are platform independent and are generated by the language-specific compiler from the source code.
What is a computer program?
A computer program is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. A computer programmer often called a developer, creates and modifies computer programs.
What is a programming language?
A programming language is a set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer.
What are low-level languages?
Low-level languages are programming languages that are machine dependent and run on only one particular type of computer. Examples include machine languages and assembly languages.
What are the two types of programming languages?
The two types of programming languages are low-level languages and high-level languages.
What is a compiler?
A compiler is a separate program that converts the entire source program into machine language before executing it. It translates an entire program before executing it.
What is an interpreter?
An interpreter reads a code statement, converts it to one or more machine language instructions, and then executes those machine language instructions. It translates and executes one statement at a time.
What is a procedural language?
In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it. It is often called a third-generation language (3GL).
An interpreter does not produce an object program
Interpreters do not generate an object program. They execute code directly without producing an executable file.
Procedural Languages
In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it. Commonly known as a third-generation language (3GL).
Compiler vs Interpreter
An interpreter provides immediate feedback when it finds errors, but interpreted programs do not run as fast as compiled programs. A compiler translates the entire source program into machine code before execution.
C Programming Language
Developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories. It is used most often with the UNIX and Linux operating systems.
COBOL
COmmon Business-Oriented Language. Developed in the early 1960s, primarily for business applications. Grace Hopper was a prime developer of COBOL.
Object-oriented Programming Languages
Programmers use OOP languages to implement an object-oriented design. OOP allows reuse and modification of existing objects, and it is event-driven.
Java
An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Java uses bytecode, which is converted into machine-dependent code using a just-in-time (JIT) compiler.
.NET Framework
The Microsoft .NET Framework is a set of libraries and components for building and running applications on Windows and other platforms.
Java bytecode
Machine independent code generated when compiling a Java program.
JIT compiler
Just-in-Time compiler used in Java to convert bytecode into machine-dependent code for immediate execution.
.NET Framework
Set of technologies for running programs on the Internet, business networks, standalone computers, and mobile devices.
ASP.NET
Web application framework for creating dynamic websites within the .NET framework.
C#
Object-oriented programming language developed in the 1980s as an extension of the C programming language.
OOP
Object-Oriented Programming
F#
F# is a programming language that combines the benefits of an object-oriented language with the benefits of a functional language. It includes easy access to .NET libraries and has similar performance to that of C programs.
Visual Basic
Visual Basic is a programming language that allows programmers to easily build complex task-oriented object-based programs. It is based on the BASIC programming language developed by Microsoft Corporation in the early 1990s.
Visual C
Visual C is a programming language based on C. It is a powerful object-oriented programming language that enables programmers to write Windows, Windows Mobile, and .NET applications quickly and efficiently. It combines programming elements of C with an easier rapid development environment.
4GL
4GL, or fourth-generation language, is a non-procedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a database. One popular 4GL is SQL, which allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data in a relational DBMS.
HTML and XHTML
XHTML (Extensible HTML) is a markup language that enables websites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers in smartphones and other mobile devices as well as on desktop and notebook computers.
XML and WML
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a format for sharing data that allows web developers to create customized tags as well as use predefined tags. WML (Wireless Markup Language) is a subset of XML designed for wireless devices, allowing web developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers.
Web Programming Languages
JavaScript is an interpreted language that allows a programmer to add dynamic content and interactive elements to a web page. Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language often used for web development and network programming.
XML
Extensible Markup Language is a subset of XML called WML WML wireless markup language allows Web developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers
JavaScript
JavaScript is an interpreted language that allows a programmer to add dynamic content and interactive elements to a Web page.
Perl
Practical Extraction and Report Language originally was developed by Larry Wall at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a procedural language similar to C and C. The latest release of Perl, however, is an interpreted scripting language.
PHP
PHP, which stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor, is a free opensource scripting language. It is similar to C, Java, and Perl, and is used primarily on Linux Web servers.
Ruby on Rails
Ruby on Rails (RoR), also called Rails, is an opensource framework that provides technologies for developing object-oriented, database-driven websites. Rails uses a free object-oriented scripting language called Ruby, which is derived from a variety of languages including Ada, LISP, Perl, and Smalltalk.
Programming Paradigm
Programming paradigm is an approach to solve a problem using some programming language, or it is a method to solve a problem using tools and techniques that are available to us following some approach. There are several major programming paradigms.
Imperative Programming
It is one of the oldest programming paradigms. It features a close relation to machine architecture and is based on Von Neumann architecture. It works by changing the program state through assignment statements and performs step-by-step tasks by changing state.
Procedural Programming
Procedural programming is a paradigm where the program is structured around procedures or functions that manipulate data. It focuses on step-by-step instructions and emphasizes code reusability through the use of procedures and functions.
Object-oriented Programming
One of the most popular programming paradigms. The core of the paradigm is to break down a problem into objects and build data and functions around these objects, encapsulating them within classes.
COBOL
COBOL stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. It was developed in 1959 by the CODASYL Committee and is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems.
Procedural programming
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm centered around procedures or routines, where the program is built around procedures or functions that operate on data.
C
C is a general-purpose programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs. It is a procedural programming language known for its efficiency and powerful system programming capabilities.
C++
C++ is a programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. It is an extension of the C language and adds object-oriented features, making it a multi-paradigm language suitable for various applications.
Java
Java is a popular programming language developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It is known for its platform independence and is widely used for building enterprise-scale applications.
ColdFusion
ColdFusion is a web programming language developed by J J Allaire. It is known for its rapid development of web applications and integration with databases and web services.
Pascal
Pascal is a programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth. It is known for its simplicity and strong typing, making it suitable for teaching programming concepts and algorithm design.
Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is one of the most popular programming paradigms. It revolves around the concept of objects, which encapsulate data and code to operate on that data.
Classes
Classes are a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming. They serve as blueprints or templates for creating objects, defining their properties and behaviors.
Instances
In object-oriented programming, instances are specific objects created from a class. Each instance represents a unique entity with its own set of properties and behaviors.
Simula
Simula is widely recognized as the first object-oriented programming language. It introduced key OOP concepts such as classes, objects, and inheritance.
Objective-C
Objective-C is a programming language designed by Brad Cox and Tom Love. It is known for its use in Apple's macOS and iOS development, especially for creating native applications.
Visual Basic .NET
Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is a programming language developed by Microsoft as part of the .NET framework. It is designed for rapid application development and has a strong focus on Windows-based applications.
Python
Python is a high-level programming language developed by Guido van Rossum. It is known for its simplicity, readability, and extensive standard library, making it suitable for various applications.
Ruby
Ruby is a dynamic, reflective programming language developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto. It is known for its elegant syntax and focus on simplicity and productivity.
Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented programming language developed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adele Goldberg. It is known for its interactive development environment and influential in shaping modern GUI and OOP concepts.
Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects," which can contain data, in the form of fields (attributes or properties), and code, in the form of procedures (methods or functions).
Declarative programming
Declarative programming focuses on describing the desired result rather than specifying the detailed steps to achieve it. It deals with what should be computed rather than how and is about hiding away complexity and bringing programming languages closer to human language and thinking.
Logical programming
Logical programming is a computer programming paradigm that has its foundations in mathematical logic. Program statements express facts and rules about problems within a system. Rules are written as logical clauses with a head and a body, and they follow a declarative approach.
Functional programming
In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning that they can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, and returned from other functions. It emphasizes pure functions, which rely only on inputs to generate results and produce no side effects.
Web Programming
Web Programming refers to the development of web applications and websites using programming languages and frameworks suitable for the web environment. Examples include Elm and Phoenix.
ELM Programming Language
Elm is a purely functional programming language with friendly error messages, great performance, small assets, and no runtime exceptions. It is developed with an emphasis on usability, performance, and robustness, as demonstrated by a simple eCommerce demo application.
Phoenix
Phoenix is a web development framework written in the functional programming language Elixir. It uses a server-side model-view-controller (MVC) pattern and is designed for building scalable and fault-tolerant web applications.
Elm Atomic design
It is made of 2500 lines of Elm, 0 lines of CSS, 25 lines of JavaScript, and 15 lines of HTML.
Web Programming Phoenix
It is a web development framework written in the functional programming language Elixir. Phoenix uses a server-side MVC pattern and is based on the Plug library and the Cowboy Erlang framework.
Program Development
Program development consists of a series of steps programmers use to build computer programs.
Imperative Programming Paradigm
The paradigm consists of several statements, and after the execution of all of them, the result is stored. It involves writing a list of instructions to tell the computer what to do step by step.
Procedural Programming Paradigm
Procedural programming allows splitting instructions into procedures, which are not functions. Procedures aim to accomplish tasks and cause desired side effects, while functions return a value and are designed to have minimal side effects.
Object-oriented programming paradigm
The most popular programming paradigm known for its modularity, direct association with real-world problems, and key characteristics like Class, Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.
Class
A template or blueprint from which objects are created in object-oriented programming.
Abstraction
The process of separating the interface from the implementation in object-oriented programming.
Encapsulation
The process of hiding the internal implementation of an object in object-oriented programming.
Inheritance
Enables hierarchical relationships to be represented and refined in object-oriented programming.
Polymorphism
Allows objects of different types to receive the same message and respond in different ways in object-oriented programming.
Java Program
A widely used programming language known for its support of the object-oriented programming paradigm.
Declarative programming paradigm
A style of building programs that expresses the logic of a computation without detailing its control flow and focuses on what needs to be achieved rather than how it should be implemented.
Functional programming paradigm
Rooted in mathematics, it focuses on executing a series of mathematical functions, composing the program of short functions, scoping variables and code within functions, and ensuring functions do not modify values outside their scope.
Logic programming paradigm
A programming paradigm where the logic of the program is expressed through relations and queries, commonly associated with languages like Prolog.
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