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POLI 369 Chapter 8-10
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POLI 369 Chapter 8-10
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Chapter 8 (Pg. 1-20)
Study
1
Question
What river gave birth to Egypt and its civilization?
Answer
The River Nile
2
Question
What was the predominant social feature of ancient Egypt's civilization?
Answer
Peasant tributary taxation system
3
Question
What was the primary source of revenue for the pharaonic ruling class in ancient Egypt?
Answer
Agricultural surplus and tributary taxation system
4
Question
Who invaded the Ottoman province of Egypt in 1798?
Answer
General Napoleon Bonaparte
5
Question
Who was left in control of Egypt after the British departed in 1803?
Answer
Muhammad Ali
6
Question
Who was the governor of Egypt from 1805 to 1849?
Answer
Muhammad Ali
7
Question
What were Muhammad Ali's primary objectives for Egypt?
Answer
To build a modern industrial infrastructure, promote economic diversification, develop a strong national army, and create a modern state bureaucracy.
8
Question
What resources did Muhammad Ali use to finance his reforms?
Answer
Taxes on a peasantry composed of small landholding families.
9
Question
How did Muhammad Ali modernize Egypt's industrial sector?
Answer
By adopting foreign technology and establishing state workshops and factories.
10
Question
What territories did Muhammad Ali's army conquer in his expansion of power?
Answer
The Arabian Peninsula and Greater Syria.
11
Question
What was the threat perceived by Britain regarding Muhammad Ali's expansion of power?
Answer
The threat to Britain's strategic and economic interests.
12
Question
What was the similarity between Muhammad Ali's reforms and those of Japan's Meiji restoration and Russia's Peter the Great?
Answer
Muhammad Ali's modern reforms were quite similar to those of Japan's late nineteenth century Meiji restoration and Russia's Peter the Great more than a century earlier.
13
Question
What were the forces that led to Egypt's arrested development?
Answer
Proximity to Europe and the threat to Britain's strategic and economic interests.
14
Question
Why did Egypt's arrested development happen?
Answer
The proximity of Egypt to Europe and the threat it posed to Britain's strategic and economic interests, lack of local social conditions maturity, and successors' abandonment of economic policy for self-reliance.
15
Question
What was the first force contributing to Egypt's arrested development?
Answer
The proximity of Egypt to Europe and the threat it posed to Britain's strategic and economic interests, leading to the Anglo-Ottoman military campaign of 1840 and flooding the country with foreign-imported goods.
16
Question
What was the second force contributing to Egypt's arrested development?
Answer
The lack of local social conditions maturity and Muhammad Ali's successors abandoning the economic policy of self-reliance in favor of Europeanizing Egypt with European capital, leading to cotton plantation for Lancashire and integration into world markets.
17
Question
What was the consequence of Egypt's integration into the world markets?
Answer
The country fell into ruinous debt, resulting in the imposition of the European Debt Commission known as the Dual Control in 1876.
18
Question
How did the ruling class transform itself in the context of the Dual Control?
Answer
The ruling class seized land and transformed itself into a class of agrarian capitalists or landowners whose prosperity was dependent on global markets.
19
Question
What were the two main classes that emerged in Egypt under European economic domination?
Answer
The landed aristocracy and the urban Third Estate, consisting of clerks, artisans, traditional merchants, administrators, and intellectuals, as well as the rural equivalent of village notables.
20
Question
What did the Third Estate symbolize in Egypt's rekindled renaissance?
Answer
The Third Estate symbolized an adaptation to cultural and technical innovation, a renewal of a critical spirit, and a spirit of nationalism and patriotism, symbolized by the 1880s movement led by Col Ahmed Urabi.
21
Question
How did the Third Estate struggle to develop under European economic domination?
Answer
The Third Estate failed to develop sufficiently along capitalist lines and remained shackled by a pre-capitalist culture, desperately clinging to tradition in an attempt to preserve its identity.
22
Question
Who was Col Ahmed Urabi and what did he symbolize?
Answer
Col Ahmed Urabi was an army officer from a peasant background and a symbol of Egyptian discontent.
23
Question
Who is Ahmed Urabi?
Answer
Ahmed Urabi was an army officer from a peasant background and a symbol of Egyptian discontent with the increasing European influence in his country.
24
Question
What did Urabi and his followers gain control of?
Answer
Urabi and his followers gained control of the Egyptian Parliament.
25
Question
When did the British invade Egypt?
Answer
The British invaded Egypt in 1882.
26
Question
How long did the British impose their rule on Egypt?
Answer
The British imposed their rule on Egypt for 72 years.
27
Question
What did the British oppose during their rule in Egypt?
Answer
The British opposed national demands and only grudgingly gave way under pressure.
28
Question
Who allowed an Egyptian legislative council in 1913?
Answer
Lord Kitchener allowed an Egyptian legislative council in 1913.
29
Question
What was ignored by the British during their rule in Egypt?
Answer
Social and political problems, as well as the development of an educational infrastructure, were almost entirely ignored by the British.
30
Question
What led much of the nationalist movement to develop independently?
Answer
The British refusal to allow greater self-government led much of the nationalist movement to develop independently.
Chapter 8 (Pg. 21-40)
Study
1
Question
What happened during the 2000 national election in Egypt?
Answer
The 2000 elections were conducted with oversight of judges and saw gains for opposition parties, a dramatic ousting of incumbent NDP deputies, and increased representation of opposition members.
2
Question
What was the allocation of seats in the 2000 election?
Answer
The ruling NDP received the majority of seats, while 256 independent candidates won seats, and 35 opposition members were elected to the Assembly.
3
Question
Why was the Muslim Brotherhood successful in the 2000 elections?
Answer
The government's clampdown on the Muslim Brotherhood led to sympathy for the group, and the imprisonment of senior members led to the Brotherhood running a slate of young and relatively unknown candidates, making it less susceptible to government scrutiny.
4
Question
What was the criticism of the Assembly's composition since 1979?
Answer
Gender disparity was a criticism, with a record number of women candidates running for office, resulting in 5 winning the election and a further 6 women appointed by Mubarak, marking the highest level of female representation since 1979.
5
Question
What resistance did Mubarak's authoritarian tendencies face after the turn of the century?
Answer
Mubarak's authoritarian tendencies increasingly met resistance from within and outside the country after the turn of the century, with external pressures playing an important role.
6
Question
How has the U.S. engaged with authoritarian client regimes in the region?
Answer
The U.S. has perpetuated the power of authoritarian client regimes that serve its interests, engaging in rhetoric about democracy promotion while allocating democracy-oriented aid to projects not likely to undermine local authority.
7
Question
What does the US give money to other countries for?
Answer
The US gives money to other countries to help them make changes in their government and society.
8
Question
What did the Mubarak regime do to make people think they were promoting democracy?
Answer
They set up a National Council for Human Rights, canceled the State Security Courts, and talked to opposition forces.
9
Question
What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to change in Egypt?
Answer
The Muslim Brotherhood wanted political, economic, religious, and social reform. They also wanted more freedom and democracy.
10
Question
What is the US accused of doing even though it talks about promoting democracy?
Answer
The US is accused of supporting authoritarian rulers and not really promoting democracy.
11
Question
What did the initiative call for in the religious sphere?
Answer
The formation of a committee of senior religious scholars for the grand imam of al Azhar to be elected, and for Muslim endowments to be separated from the state budget.
12
Question
What did the Egyptian Movement for Change, Kefaya, denounce?
Answer
The NDP's political monopoly and called on Mubarak to step down. They also rejected Gamal as a candidate for high office.
13
Question
Who presented the founding document of Kefaya at its first conference?
Answer
Highly respected former judge Tariq al Bishri.
14
Question
What did Kefaya urge for?
Answer
Immediate political and constitutional reform, the independence of the judiciary, and the abrogation of emergency and extraordinary laws.
15
Question
What movement managed to organize public rallies on domestic issues without prior consultation with the authorities?
Answer
Kefaya
16
Question
In September 2004, a group of opposition parties formed an Alliance of National Forces for Reform. Name three principal legal opposition parties that joined this alliance.
Answer
Wafd Party, National Progressive Unionist Party, Tagammu Party
17
Question
What were the six main reforms called for by the Alliance of National Forces for Reform in September 2004?
Answer
1. End to the state of emergency 2. Constitutional amendment to allow direct election of the president 3. Limitation of any individual to two 5-year presidential terms 4. Free elections under judicial supervision 5. Greater freedom to establish political parties 6. Loosening of government's controls over unions, syndicates, and civil society groups 7. End to the ruling party's dominance of the state media
18
Question
What change to the Constitution did the president call for in February 2005 to allow competition in presidential elections?
Answer
Change to Article 76 of the Constitution
19
Question
What organization mobilized thousands of Islamist students to call for the cancellation of the Emergency Law in March 2005?
Answer
Muslim Brotherhood
20
Question
How many voters' signatures were candidates required to secure to be nominated for direct multicandidate presidential elections as demanded by the Brotherhood members of Parliament?
Answer
20000
21
Question
Direct multicandidate presidential elections
Answer
Elections where multiple candidates run for president and people can vote for the candidate of their choice.
22
Question
Full judicial supervision
Answer
The oversight and control of the election process by the judicial system to ensure fairness and legality.
23
Question
Candidate nomination requirement
Answer
The rule that candidates must gather the signatures of 20,000 voters to be officially nominated for the presidential election.
24
Question
Commission for electoral supervision
Answer
A group led by the chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court and four Councilors from the Court of Cassation, responsible for overseeing the electoral process to ensure fairness and legality.
25
Question
Independent presidential candidate
Answer
A candidate who gives up their affiliation with a political party and runs for president without any partisan affiliation.
26
Question
Kefaya movement
Answer
A political movement in Egypt that organized protests demanding an end to Mubarak's rule and the implementation of political reforms.
27
Question
NDP monopoly over politics
Answer
The National Democratic Party's control over political activities, ensuring that their interests were maintained during the drafting of constitutional amendments.
Chapter 8 (Pg. 41-45)
Study
1
Question
What did Egyptian airstrikes in Libya lead to during 2014-15?
Answer
Increased tensions between Egypt and Libya.
2
Question
How did the Obama administration react to the coup in Egypt?
Answer
They criticized the coup but did not use the word 'coup' to avoid ending military aid as per US law.
3
Question
What did US Secretary of State John Kerry announce during his visit to Cairo after the coup?
Answer
All weapons deliveries and aid were being resumed.
4
Question
What narrative did Sisi's backers propagate about Washington's favoritism?
Answer
They claimed that Washington had favored the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamists.
5
Question
What did Human Rights Watch report in its 2015 report about Egypt's constitution?
Answer
The 2014 constitution permits military trials for civilians and expands military court jurisdiction to cover crimes on public, state-owned, or vital property.
6
Question
What is the name of the largest mosque in Egypt that Sisi inaugurated in the New Administrative Capital?
Answer
The largest mosque in Egypt is Al-Fattah Al-Alim Mosque.
7
Question
What is the name of the largest cathedral in the Middle East that Sisi inaugurated in the New Administrative Capital?
Answer
The largest cathedral in the Middle East is the Cathedral of the Nativity.
8
Question
What is the name of the two strategically located islands in the Red Sea that Sisi transferred sovereignty over to Saudi Arabia?
Answer
The islands are Tiran and Sanafir.
9
Question
Who contested against Sisi in the presidential election of 2018?
Answer
Moussa Mustapha Moussa from the El Ghad Party contested against Sisi in the 2018 presidential election.
10
Question
What percentage of eligible voters cast their ballots in the presidential election of 2018?
Answer
Only 44 percent of eligible voters cast their ballots in the 2018 presidential election.
11
Question
Who ran for reelection as president in March 2018?
Answer
Sisi
12
Question
How many votes did Sisi win in the election?
Answer
21,835,387 votes
13
Question
Who contested Sisi in the election?
Answer
Moussa Mustapha Moussa from the El Ghad Party
14
Question
When did the Assembly approve constitutional amendments that extended Sisi's presidency?
Answer
April 2019
15
Question
What militant group announced its allegiance to ISIS in November 2014?
Answer
Ansar Beit el Maqdis (ABM)
16
Question
What was the stated goal of ABM from 2011 to 2013?
Answer
To free Jerusalem from Western influence and rid Egypt of any Israeli presence
17
Question
What area witnessed a significant increase in terrorist attacks after the 2011 revolution?
Answer
Sinai area
18
Question
How did Wilayat Sinai carry out attacks to avoid direct contact with the Egyptian army?
Answer
Via remote targeting and booby trapping, such as roadside bombs
19
Question
What happened in October 2014 regarding Islamist dissidents in Egypt?
Answer
The Egyptian military began to crack down on Wilayat Sinai in counter-terror operations.
20
Question
How did Wilayat Sinai avoid direct contact with the better-equipped Egyptian army?
Answer
They turned to attacks via remote targeting and booby trapping, such as roadside bombs.
21
Question
What was the group Wilayat Sinai's affiliation in 2014?
Answer
They announced their affiliation with the Islamic State and changed their name to Sinai Province.
22
Question
How many active members did Wilayat Sinai have in 2014?
Answer
Believed to have between 1000 and 1500 active members.
23
Question
Where did Wilayat Sinai expand outside Sinai by creating cells?
Answer
They created cells in some governorates, including Cairo and Giza.
24
Question
What prompted the renewal of the state of emergency in Egypt in November 2017?
Answer
Suicide bombers killed dozens at two churches on Palm Sunday in April 2017.
25
Question
What happened in November 2017 in the village of Bir al Abed in Northern Sinai?
Answer
Mosques were attacked, resulting in 305 deaths.
26
Question
What did President Sisi do in terms of Egypt's foreign policy in coordination with the United States?
Answer
He made efforts to play an active role in the conflicts in Syria, Libya, and Yemen, prompting President Trump to describe him as his favorite dictator.
27
Question
What role did Egypt play in the Syrian conflict in January 2015?
Answer
Egypt hosted several meetings for the Syrian Opposition groups, most prominently the Cairo Conference of Syrian Opposition.
28
Question
What did Egypt's position lean toward after the Russian intervention in Syria in September 2015?
Answer
It leaned more toward supporting Bashar al-Assad.
29
Question
What is Egypt's official position regarding stability in Libya?
Answer
It rotates around three principles: respecting unity and sovereignty of Libya, non-interference in Libya's internal affairs, and commitment to the comprehensive dialogue and non-violence.
30
Question
What was the aim of the Cairo Declaration of June 6, 2020?
Answer
It aimed at reaching a cease-fire in Libya.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 46 - 65)
Study
1
Question
What is the name of the country discussed in the chapter?
Answer
The Republic of Turkey
2
Question
When did the Ottoman Empire and its allies face defeat?
Answer
1918
3
Question
What advantage did the Republic of Turkey have after the Ottoman defeat?
Answer
Inheriting the Ottoman army and bureaucracy
4
Question
What was the major ethnic minority in the Republic of Turkey?
Answer
The Kurds
5
Question
What transition did Turkey eventually make from one-party rule?
Answer
Competitive democratic elections
6
Question
What agreement was signed by Turkish and British representatives after the war?
Answer
The armistice agreement
7
Question
Who fled to Berlin in November 1918?
Answer
Enver Talat and Jamal, the CUP leaders
8
Question
What happened on November 13, 1918?
Answer
Allied ships anchored at Istanbul and their forces disembarked
9
Question
What intensified the nationalist spirit in Turkey?
Answer
Greek forces invading Smyrna (Izmir) on February 15, 1919
10
Question
Who harnessed the militant nationalism and driving the invaders out of Turkey?
Answer
Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who later became known as Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, the father of the Turks
11
Question
Where was Mustafa Kemal Pasha born?
Answer
Salonika, in 1881
12
Question
Who was Mustafa Kemal?
Answer
Mustafa Kemal was a national hero who led the nationalist struggle for dignity and independence for the Turkish nation.
13
Question
What did Mustafa Kemal reject?
Answer
Mustafa Kemal rejected any attempt to restore control of the Arab countries.
14
Question
What were the perils to Turkish nationalism?
Answer
The perils to Turkish nationalism included Greeks and Armenians claiming regions in Anatolia, Kurdish separatism, and Allied Powers' interest in southern Anatolia.
15
Question
What did the Treaty of Svres foreclose?
Answer
The Treaty of Svres, if implemented, would have foreclosed any dream of independence for Turkey.
16
Question
Q: What is the Svres Treaty?
Answer
A: The Svres Treaty was a treaty that was seen as a sentence of death for Turkey, and it provided added impetus for the nationalist struggle.
17
Question
Q: What was the position of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer
A: The Armenians historically played an important role in business and intellectual life within the Ottoman Empire.
18
Question
Q: What happened to the Armenian population during World War I?
Answer
A: The Armenian population in Anatolia was uprooted, and perhaps a million were killed during World War I.
19
Question
Q: What did Kemal's victory complete?
Answer
A: Kemal's victory completed the process of uprooting the Armenian population and winning control over Anatolia.
20
Question
Q: What significant event occurred in September 1922?
Answer
A: In September 1922, the Turkish nationalists took Smyrna/Izmir, and the Greek population of Anatolia fled.
21
Question
What happened in 1922?
Answer
The Turkish nationalists took Smyrna (Izmir) and the Greek population fled.
22
Question
What did the Treaty of Lausanne do?
Answer
It superseded the harsh terms imposed by the Allies and granted Turkish nationalists what they had struggled for.
23
Question
When did the Grand National Assembly abolish the Sultanate?
Answer
On November 1, 1922.
24
Question
What happened in March 1924?
Answer
The GNA abolished the caliphate, ending the Ottoman dynasty.
25
Question
What did the prevailing concepts of modernization stress?
Answer
They stressed that traditional features of any society, notably those related to religion, must be obliterated to transform into a modern one.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 66 - 85)
Study
1
Question
What happened on the evening of July 15, 2016?
Answer
Military troops blocked roads in Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris, and other parts of Turkey. Fighter jets and helicopters flew over Ankara, and many government headquarters were bombarded. A curfew was announced, and martial law was to be put into practice.
2
Question
Who led the coup attempt on July 15, 2016?
Answer
The Council for Peace at Home, a new executive body, led the coup attempt. They briefly took over the Turkish State Broadcaster TRT and forced its news anchor to read out a statement addressed to the Turkish people and the world.
3
Question
What were the insurgents' complaints against the government?
Answer
The insurgents claimed that the government had systematically infringed on the rights of the Turkish citizens, threatened vital institutions of the state, abolished fundamental rights and freedoms, and allowed corruption and pilferage within the bureaucracy.
4
Question
Who did the insurgents blame for the loss of international reputation and the country's autocratic governance?
Answer
The insurgents blamed the president and government officials for the loss of international reputation and the country's autocratic governance. They accused them of making wrong decisions, leading to the failure to combat growing terrorism and reaching serious levels of corruption within the bureaucracy.
5
Question
What was the main goal of the Turkish Armed Forces according to the insurgents?
Answer
The Turkish Armed Forces sought to safeguard the country's indivisible unity and continue the Peace at Home, Peace in the World ideal, in the wake of the extraordinary sacrifices made under the leadership of Atat\u00fcrk.
6
Question
What is the name of the organization that founded and guards the Turkish Republic?
Answer
Turkish Armed Forces
7
Question
Who was the leader of the Turkish Republic at the time of establishment?
Answer
Great Atat\u00fcrk
8
Question
What is the ideal to continue the country's indivisible unity?
Answer
Peace at Home, Peace in the World
9
Question
What is the purpose of safeguarding the survival of the nation and the state?
Answer
To eliminate threats and de facto obstructions, stop corruption, and allow efficient operations against terrorism
10
Question
What values does the Turkish Republic aim to uphold according to the passage?
Answer
Secular, democratic, social, and legal state
11
Question
Who announced the overthrow of the government during the incident?
Answer
President Erdo\u011fan
12
Question
Where was President Erdo\u011fan at the time of the incident?
Answer
On holiday in Marmaris
13
Question
Who did President Erdo\u011fan blame for the coup attempt?
Answer
Fethullah G\u00fclen and his Hizmet Movement
14
Question
What did President Erdo\u011fan call on his followers to do during the incident?
Answer
Take to the streets to defend his government
15
Question
What did Prime Minister Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m announce during the incident?
Answer
A coup attempt was underway by a faction of the Army
16
Question
What was President Erdo\u011fan's response to the coup attempt during his televised speech?
Answer
In Turkey, armed forces are not governing the state or leading the state. They cannot
17
Question
Who did President Erdo\u011fan blame for the coup attempt?
Answer
Fethullah G\u00fclen and his Hizmet Movement
18
Question
What was President Erdo\u011fan's plan to do after the coup attempt?
Answer
Clean up the army and re-establish the constitutionally enshrined values of a secular democratic state
19
Question
Who did President Erdo\u011fan call on to take action against the coup plotters?
Answer
His followers, to take to the streets to defend his government
20
Question
What was the plan to clean up the army after the coup attempt?
Answer
Erdoan announced his plan to clean up the army and said the uprising was a gift from God to us.
21
Question
Who was the suspected leader of the coup attempt?
Answer
Former Colonel Muharrem Kse, who was associated with Fethullah Glen, was suspected as the leader of the coup attempt.
22
Question
What punishment did the suspected coup plotters face?
Answer
Almost 40,000 persons were arrested, including high officers, judges, and soldiers, and around 15,000 education staff were suspended.
23
Question
Who was accused of plotting the coup but refused the accusation?
Answer
Fethullah Glen, who had voluntarily left for exile in the United States in 1999, was accused of plotting the coup, but he categorically refused the accusation.
24
Question
What was the reason behind the failure of the coup attempt according to speculation?
Answer
One reason for the failure of the coup attempt was that the National Intelligence Agency had wind of it, forcing the plotters to advance the timing and making them appear incompetent.
25
Question
What did Erdogan impose after the coup attempt?
Answer
Erdogan imposed a 3-month state of emergency and temporarily suspended part of the European Convention on Human Rights.
26
Question
What is the European Convention on Human Rights according to Human Rights Watch?
Answer
The European Convention on Human Rights is a set of rights and freedoms that everyone in Europe should have. Human Rights Watch reported in 2020 that the Turkish government misused terrorism charges to arrest and imprison many people.
27
Question
What is the Glen movement and how does the Turkish government view it?
Answer
The Glen movement is known as the Fethullahist Terrorist Organization (FET) by the Turkish government, and it is considered a terrorist organization by them. Many people associated with the Glen movement were arrested and imprisoned on terrorism charges.
28
Question
How has the Turkish regime changed after the attempted coup?
Answer
After the attempted coup, the Turkish regime became more authoritarian. There were a large number of arrests, raising concerns that the coup was used as a pretext to tighten the president's grip on power.
29
Question
How did President Erdogan demonstrate authoritarian behavior post-coup?
Answer
President Erdogan increased his powers and tried to make the regime more presidential rather than a parliamentary system. He used populist rhetoric to denounce enemies and critics saw his actions as a turn towards authoritarianism and an Ottoman revival.
30
Question
What is the Kurdish insurgency and how has it affected human rights in Turkey?
Answer
The Kurdish insurgency involves Kurds in Turkey who have worked to promote their own separate nationalism through peaceful and violent means. This has led to harsh treatment from the political and military establishment, resulting in severe civil strife in Eastern Turkey.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 86 - 87)
Study
1
Question
Relationship between Turkey and the United States
Answer
There is a complex relationship between Turkey and the United States, with both tension and harmony in specific issues like intervention in Syria.
2
Question
Potential usefulness of the United States-Turkish alliance
Answer
The United States-Turkish alliance is important for both countries and the potential cost of ending it is high.
3
Question
State of ferment in Turkey in 2015
Answer
In 2015, Turkey was in a state of ferment, experiencing significant changes and uncertainties.
4
Question
Kemal Atat\u00fcrk's role in Turkey
Answer
Kemal Atat\u00fcrk successfully led a resistance movement and constructed a new identity for Turkey, based on a Turkishness imposed on a largely Turkish-speaking Muslim population.
5
Question
Kemalism and its impact on Turkey
Answer
Kemalism, especially its secularism and imposition of a foreign culture, required an authoritarian state and underwent democratization following World War II.
6
Question
Quasi Islamist party in Turkey
Answer
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a quasi Islamist party (AKP) was successful in taking the reins democratically and surviving the wrath of the deep state.
7
Question
What is Kemalism?
Answer
Kemalism is the political ideology of Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, the founder of modern Turkey. It emphasizes secularism, nationalism, and westernization.
8
Question
Who was responsible for banning political parties that threatened Kemalist secularism?
Answer
The military repeatedly banned political parties that threatened Kemalist secularism.
9
Question
Which party was successful in taking the reins democratically and surviving the wrath of the deep state?
Answer
The quasi-Islamist party, the AKP, was successful in taking the reins democratically and surviving the wrath of the deep state.
10
Question
What did the AKP largely bury according to a scholar?
Answer
According to a scholar, the AKP largely buried the deep state.
11
Question
What kind of identity has influenced the foreign policy of Turkey?
Answer
The Turks' millennium-old Islamic identity has influenced the foreign policy of Turkey.
12
Question
Who accused the government of a plot to close down the CHP?
Answer
Kemal K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu, the leader of the CHP, accused the government of a plot to close down the party.
13
Question
What shift has been conducive to reconciliation with the Kurdish minority?
Answer
The shift from the Kemalist Turkish identity to a reemphasis on Islam has been conducive to reconciliation with the Kurdish minority.
14
Question
Who was involved in negotiations for a settlement with the HDP?
Answer
Abdullah \u00d6calan, still in prison, was involved in negotiations for a settlement with the HDP.
15
Question
What support was linked to a revitalization of negotiations for a settlement with the HDP?
Answer
Support for key parts of the government's pending security bill was linked to a revitalization of negotiations for a settlement with the HDP.
16
Question
What political party is mentioned in the passage?
Answer
HDP (Peoples Democratic Party)
17
Question
What did the HDP leader previously criticize?
Answer
The pending security bill and the proposal for presidentialism
18
Question
What was the risk for the HDP in contesting the election?
Answer
Not getting any seats by failing to pass the 10 percent threshold
19
Question
What support did Erdoan hope to gain?
Answer
Support for a large enough majority to adopt a new constitution without the need for a referendum
20
Question
What group took control of much of the Syrian countryside?
Answer
Kurdish PYD fighters, affiliated with the PKK
21
Question
Which country supported the PYD fighters in Syria?
Answer
The United States and some of its NATO allies
22
Question
What was Erdoan's viewpoint regarding the United States' support for PYD?
Answer
He viewed it as supporting an existential threat to the Turkish state
23
Question
What increased the regional strategic situation?
Answer
Russian military intervention in Syria in support of Assad in September 2015
24
Question
What led to an apology from Ankara to Russia?
Answer
A Turkish Air Force fighter shot down a Russian fighter bomber
25
Question
What geopolitical alignments became indistinct after the failed military coup in 2016?
Answer
Geopolitical alignments became increasingly indistinct
26
Question
What is the NATO alliance?
Answer
NATO is an international alliance of countries, including Turkey, that work together for security and defense.
27
Question
Who alerted Erdoan about some media reports?
Answer
Erdoan was reported to have been alerted by Vladimir Putin and Russian intelligence.
28
Question
What did Erdoan and the AKP effectively bury?
Answer
Erdoan and the AKP have effectively buried the Kemalist secular state and created a neo-Ottoman irredentist power in the Middle East.
29
Question
Who are the powerful challengers posing a potential threat to the status quo presided over by the United States?
Answer
The revisionist Islamic Republic of Iran, Russia's alliance with the Syrian Arab Republic, and their regional proxies are a rising constellation of powerful challengers.
30
Question
What role does Trkiye play in the current balance of forces?
Answer
Trkiye plays the role of the unpredictable joker in the current balance of forces.
Chapter 10 (Pg. 88 - 107)
Study
1
Question
What is the land area of Iran?
Answer
Iran has a land area of 1,648,000 square km.
2
Question
How much of Iran's land is arable?
Answer
Only 10-15% of Iran's land is arable.
3
Question
What was the estimated population of Iran in 2010?
Answer
In 2010, Iran's population was estimated to be nearing 85 million.
4
Question
What percentage of the population lived in urban areas in 2020?
Answer
In 2020, 75.5% of the population lived in urban areas, an increase from 69.1% in 2011.
5
Question
What is the core ethnic group of Iran?
Answer
The core ethnic group of Iran is the Persians, who are Indo-Europeans.
6
Question
Where did the linguistic forebears of Persians migrate from?
Answer
The linguistic forebears of Persians migrated from Central Eurasia in the second millennium BCE.
7
Question
What does the name 'Iran' mean?
Answer
Iran means 'land of the Aryans'.
8
Question
What was the invaders' way of life characterized by?
Answer
The invaders' way of life was characterized by mobility, and they were renowned for their skills as mounted archers and warriors.
9
Question
What religion did Iranians convert to?
Answer
Iranians converted to Islam and absorbed other aspects of Islamic culture.
10
Question
What was the new form of the Persian language that emerged eventually?
Answer
A new form of the Persian language emerged that rivaled Arabic as a literary medium.
11
Question
What did the courtly culture of imperial Iran provide for Abbasid governance in Baghdad?
Answer
The courtly culture of imperial Iran provided an important model for Abbasid governance in Baghdad, distinguishing it from the simplicity of the earlier Umayyad caliphate.
12
Question
What new form of language arose as a rival to Arabic in much of the Islamic world?
Answer
A new form of Persian language.
13
Question
Who embraced Islam and ruled the lands of the Islamic Empire for almost a hundred years?
Answer
The Mongols.
14
Question
What did the Turkish Safavid dynasty create to bolster its legitimacy?
Answer
The fiction of an ancestral link to the founder of the dynasty.
15
Question
What did Ismael I, the first Safavid king, fully embrace and turn into the state religion?
Answer
Shiism.
16
Question
What religion did the Safavid monarchs impose on the population?
Answer
Twelver Shiism.
17
Question
When did the Safavid dynasty fall?
Answer
In 1722.
18
Question
Who ruled over a rapidly disintegrating Persian society after the fall of the Safavid dynasty?
Answer
Mahmoud the Afghan.
19
Question
When did Iran enter a period of decay and anarchy?
Answer
After the fall of the Safavid dynasty.
20
Question
When did the Qajar dynasty ascend to power in Iran?
Answer
1794-1925.
21
Question
When did Russian expansion into Iranian territory begin?
Answer
In the early eighteenth century.
22
Question
Expansion into Iranian territory began in the late eighteenth century by which country?
Answer
Russia
23
Question
What was the first serious military invasion in Iranian territory after the fall of the Safavid dynasty?
Answer
Czar Peter the Great's invasion with the occupation of Afghan tribes and Darband in Azerbaijan in 1723
24
Question
What is the term used for the rivalry between Britain and Russia for the domination of Central Asia and surrounding territories?
Answer
The Great Game
25
Question
Which Iranian leader ruled from Tehran and ceded Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and most of the north Caucasus region to the expanding Russian Empire?
Answer
Fath Ali Shah (1797-1834)
26
Question
What did Britain annex in order to extend the buffer between its Indian territories and Russia's expanding empire?
Answer
Herat (1851) and incorporated it into Afghanistan
27
Question
During Naser o Din Shah's reign, what did Iran introduce in its efforts to modernize?
Answer
A standing army, Western science, technology, and educational methods
28
Question
What comprehensive effort was initiated by Amir Kabir in Iran's modernization process?
Answer
Building military industries, modern factories and schools, and initiating legal reforms
29
Question
Who started efforts to build military industries, modern factories, and schools in Iran?
Answer
Amir Kabir
30
Question
Who granted a 50-year monopoly on tobacco production to a British businessman?
Answer
Iran
Chapter 10 (Pg. 108 - 127)
Study
1
Question
What challenges did the large rural population face in accessing basic goods and services in urban areas?
Answer
Limited access to basic goods and services, especially in the growing Tehran area, with a smaller minority experiencing more affluence, poor infrastructure planning, serious pollution, and increasing Western cultural influence.
2
Question
What were some of the issues during Rafsanjani's second presidential term?
Answer
During Rafsanjani's second term, there was high inflation, accumulation of foreign debt, riots in major cities, and a campaign of assassinations targeting regime opponents both inside and outside the country.
3
Question
Who succeeded Rafsanjani as the new president in May 1997?
Answer
Mohammad Khatami, a reform-minded ex-minister of Islamic guidance and culture, was elected as the new president in May 1997.
4
Question
What was the result of the election in May 1997 and what was the impact on the Islamic Republic?
Answer
Reformist factions and independent activists formed a broad coalition known as the May 23 Reform Movement, leading to a shift toward a more pragmatic foreign policy and increased freedom in social and political life.
5
Question
What happened in the October 1998 election to the Assembly of Experts, and what impact did it have on the forces of liberalization?
Answer
Conservative factions reaffirmed their control, stymying the forces of liberalization and leading to harassment of dissidents, journalists, intellectuals, and reformist cabinet ministers.
6
Question
What were the three main currents of opposition to the Shah's regime?
Answer
Nationalists, socialist groups, and Islamist groups
7
Question
What were the main goals of the Nationalists in opposing the Shah's regime?
Answer
Full sovereignty, control over the country's natural resources, especially the oil industry
8
Question
What were the main goals of the socialist groups in opposing the Shah's regime?
Answer
Social justice and a classless society
9
Question
What were the main goals of the Islamist groups in opposing the Shah's regime?
Answer
Establishment of cultural independence and Islamic government
10
Question
What did the revolution bring in terms of political independence and control of natural resources?
Answer
Full political independence and firm control of natural resources and energy industry
11
Question
What actions did the new Iranian government take in terms of international alliances and military presence?
Answer
Withdrew from every regional and international alliance, US military advisers and intelligence personnel left the country
12
Question
What actions did the new regime take to purge the country of Western influence?
Answer
Banned or restricted bars, casinos, foreign cultural and educational institutes, and pro-Western publications
13
Question
How did the new regime purged the country's institutions and organizations?
Answer
Purged the army, bureaucracy, professional organizations, trade associations, universities, colleges, and schools through cleansing committees (paksazi)
14
Question
Who comprised the cleansing committees (paksazi) responsible for purging the country?
Answer
Young, inexperienced, recently converted revolutionaries with connections to the leading Ulama and their political allies
15
Question
What were the social and legal changes imposed on women by the new regime?
Answer
Forced to cover their heads except for their faces and observe state-imposed codes of decent dressing
16
Question
What were the consequences of the Islamization drive and the chaotic situation following the fall of the Shah's regime?
Answer
Widespread social discontent, violation of fundamental civil and political rights on a large scale
17
Question
What were the main social bases of support for various radical opposition groups in Iran?
Answer
The modern middle class and the educated strata of Iranian society
18
Question
What was the impact of the drive toward cultural authenticity on the modern middle class and educated strata?
Answer
Created widespread discontent and became the main social bases of support for various radical opposition groups
19
Question
What was the state of social relations among Iranians after the fall of the dictatorship and its foreign supporters?
Answer
Various ideological persuasions had become each other's enemies
20
Question
What were the main social bases of support for various radical opposition groups in Iran?
Answer
The middle class and the educated strata of Iranian society.
21
Question
What actions were taken by the Revolutionary Guards and some regular army units in Iranian Kurdish provinces?
Answer
They fought a mini civil war against several Kurdish and leftist groups.
22
Question
What armed campaign did the leftist MEK Islamic group start in June 1981?
Answer
They started a massive armed campaign of assassinations and bombings in an effort to reverse the clerical victory.
23
Question
What were the consequences of the MEK's terrorist campaign in June through September 1981?
Answer
The campaign resulted in the deaths of hundreds of members of Parliament, the cabinet, and the IRP. Both the president and the prime minister died in one MEK terror bombing.
24
Question
What were the two factions that the regime developed into after the war with Iraq ended?
Answer
The Islamic left and the conservative rightist faction.
25
Question
Which opposition party did not go underground or leave Iran after 1981?
Answer
The Freedom Movement of Mehdi Bazargan.
26
Question
What group was allowed to publish its newspaper Mizan the Scale and hold regular meetings in the early 1980s?
Answer
MEK (Mujahedin-e Khalq)
27
Question
What nationalist religious coalition was formed in the late 1980s and retained a critical voice inside Iran?
Answer
Freedom Movement members, religious intellectuals, student activists, and other former anti-shah activists formed a nationalist religious coalition.
28
Question
What did the exiled secular parties of the left and smaller nationalist groups form in the early 2000s?
Answer
They formed an umbrella organization called the Union of Nationalist Republicans.
29
Question
Where did the MEK move to in 1983 and what did they do there?
Answer
The MEK moved to Iraq in 1983, set up guerrilla camps close to the Iranian border, and formed a military alliance with Saddam Hussein.
30
Question
When was the MEK added to the US State Department's list of terrorist organizations, and when were they removed from the list?
Answer
The MEK was added to the US State Department's list of terrorist organizations in the mid-1990s, but removed from the list in 2012.
Chapter 10 (Pg. 128 - End of chapter)
Study
1
Question
What was the main purpose of the international and regional alliance formed during the Iran-Iraq war?
Answer
To support the regime of Saddam Hussein against Iranian offensives and prevent the emergence of a definitive winner in the war.
2
Question
What did the US government provide to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war to prevent an Iranian victory?
Answer
Billions of dollars of credit, military intelligence, military advice, and closely monitored third country arms sales to make sure that Iraq had the military weaponry required.
3
Question
Why was Iraq removed from the US State Department's list of states supporting international terrorism in February 1982?
Answer
To provide support to Iraq against Iranian attacks and to supply military intelligence and hardware to Hussein's regime.
4
Question
What did Iraq start using in 1983 against Iranian troops and its own Kurdish population during the war?
Answer
Chemical weapons.
5
Question
What did the United States do when Iran took the issue of Iraq's use of chemical weapons to the UN Security Council in 1984?
Answer
Used its influence to prevent the matter from going any further, despite having received information confirming Iraqi use of chemical weapons.
6
Question
Date of George Shultz's memorandum
Answer
November 1, 1983
7
Question
Confirmation of Iraqi use of chemical weapons
Answer
Recent additional information confirmed Iraqi use of chemical weapons
8
Question
Iraq's acquisition of chemical weapons production capacity
Answer
Iraq acquired CW production capacity primarily from Western firms, possibly including a U.S. foreign subsidiary
9
Question
Reagan's envoy to Baghdad
Answer
Donald Rumsfeld, CEO of GD Searl, visited Baghdad as a special envoy of President Reagan and met with Saddam Hussein and other top Iraqi officials
10
Question
Agreements between Rumsfeld and Iraqi Foreign Minister
Answer
Agreements included shared common interests, such as peace in the Gulf, keeping Syria and Iran off balance and less influential, and promoting Egypt's reintegration into the Arab world
11
Question
Policy of mutual destruction of Iran and Iraq
Answer
The policy of no winner, the prolonged mutual destruction of Iran and Iraq, was pursued in various ways
12
Question
Israeli business involvement in selling to both sides
Answer
Substantial quantities of Israeli goods transited Turkey for both Islamic belligerents according to a document
13
Question
Israel's conclusion about Iranian and Iraqi threat
Answer
By 1984, Israel concluded that Iran was more dangerous than Iraq to its existence due to growing Iranian influence and presence in Lebanon
14
Question
Secret offer of Israeli assistance to Iraq
Answer
The United States agreed to deliver a secret offer of Israeli assistance to Iraq, but the Iraqi side refused to accept the secret Israeli letter
15
Question
CIA's delivery of battlefield intelligence to Saddam
Answer
Richard Sale reported that the CIA regularly sent a team to Saddam to deliver battlefield intelligence obtained from Saudi AWACS
16
Question
What secret offer of Israeli assistance to Iraq was refused by the Iraqi side?
Answer
The United States agreed to deliver a secret offer of Israeli assistance to Iraq, but the Iraqi side refused to accept the secret Israeli letter.
17
Question
What kind of intelligence did the CIA regularly send to Saddam to aid the effectiveness of Iraq's armed forces?
Answer
The CIA regularly sent a team to Saddam to deliver battlefield intelligence obtained from Saudi AWACS surveillance aircraft to aid the effectiveness of Iraq's armed forces.
18
Question
What document did a former official sign off on that shared US satellite intelligence with both Iraq and Iran?
Answer
A former official signed off on a document that shared US satellite intelligence with both Iraq and Iran in an attempt to produce a military stalemate.
19
Question
What controversial action did the United States take when Kuwaiti ships supplying Iraq with fuel and other commodities became targets of Iranian attacks?
Answer
When Kuwaiti ships supplying Iraq with fuel and other commodities became targets of Iranian attacks, the Americans not only provided military escorts but hoisted US flags on Kuwaiti and Iraqi oil tankers.
20
Question
In 1987, what did US forces do when the confrontation was at its peak in the Gulf?
Answer
In 1987, US forces captured and sank an Iranian mine layer, US ships bombarded an Iranian oil platform, and a US missile hit a civilian Iran Air jet carrying more than 200 passengers killing everyone on board.
21
Question
What action did the United States take in the hope of securing the release of American captives held by Shiite militias in Lebanon?
Answer
The United States secretly smuggled some military equipment to Iran in the hope that Iran might be able to secure the release of American captives held by Shiite militias in Lebanon.
22
Question
What was the aim of the dual containment policy during Clinton's administration?
Answer
The aim of the dual containment policy during Clinton's administration was to isolate Iran economically and politically.
23
Question
What legislation did the House of Representatives pass in December 1995 regarding a US-led action against Iran?
Answer
In December 1995, the House of Representatives passed legislation providing for a US-led multilateral boycott of Iran.
24
Question
What covert operation did Newt Gingrich announce in response to demands for even tougher action against Iran?
Answer
Newt Gingrich, the speaker of the House, announced that the CIA should mount an $18 million covert operation to overthrow the Iranian government.
25
Question
What fund did the Majlis announce in response to the demands for tougher action against Iran?
Answer
In response to the demands for tougher action against Iran, the Majlis announced a $20 million fund to combat the activities of the Great Satan.
26
Question
What did the House announce in response to the 18 million covert operation to overthrow the Iranian government by CIA?
Answer
In January 1996, the Majlis announced a 20 million fund to combat the activities of the Great Satan (referring to the United States).
27
Question
How did Iran respond to the negative rhetoric intensified by George W. Bush against Iran in 2001?
Answer
Iran refrained from any action that the United States could construe as a provocation due to the considerable US military presence in the Gulf.
28
Question
What label did the Bush administration place on Iran in 2001 as part of the Axis of Evil alongside Iraq and North Korea?
Answer
Iran was labeled as a member of the Axis of Evil alongside Iraq and North Korea by the Bush administration.
29
Question
What terrorist organizations did the Bush administration accuse Iran of supporting?
Answer
The Bush administration repeatedly accused Iran of supporting terrorist organizations, including Hezbollah.
30
Question
Which Palestinian organization did Iran support in an effort to resist the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory?
Answer
Iran supported Hamas in an effort to resist the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory.