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Humoral immunity methods for antibodies
- B-lymphocyte - Antibodies - Leukocyte - Cytokines - Liver - Complement - Adoptive immunity - Passive immunity
B-cell activation by thymus-dependent (Td) antigen
- Protein antigen - 2nd activation signal: CD40-CD40L - Th lymphocyte help is necessary - IgG antibody production - Long-lasting immune response
B-cell activation by thymus-independent (Ti) antigens
- Sugar antigen - 2nd activation signal: TLR (sugar antigen) - Mainly sugar antigens - Induce mainly IgM antibody production - Short immune response
B-cell activation reality
- Bacterium - Td antigen activation - Ti antigen activation - B-cell with BCR specific for an antigen may: 1. Be activated by Td antigen in the presence of Th cells 2. Be activated by Ti antigen when specific T-cells are absent (no help)
B-cell activation subsequent steps
- B-cell stimulation - Specific antigens - Mitogens - EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) - S. Aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) - Anti-IgM cytokines - Anti-CD40 - Readout: Proliferation, BCR expression, Antibodies - Techniques: CSFE, BRDU, Cytometry, ELISA
Th-cell activation/cytokine secretion
- 1st signal: TCR-MHCII - 2nd signal: coreceptors - 3rd signal: cytokines - Th cells are highly specialized cells producing cytokines affecting immune response processes - Other leukocytes are able to produce cytokines in particular conditions
Th-cell activation/cytokine secretion: superantigens
- SEA (staphylococcal enterotoxin A) - TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin) - Activation of a big number of T-cells by superantigens may lead to massive uncontrolled cytokine secretion - Septic shock: reduction of ready to act cell number, depletion
Complement activation
- Classical - Alternative - Lectin - MAC complex (membrane-attacking complex) - Leads to MAC formation and induction of cell lysis (important defense mechanism)
Complement activation: assessment
- 50% hemolysis (CH50) - Radial hemolysis - Sheep erythrocytes
Complement activation
The process in which the complement system is activated, leading to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and the induction of cell lysis, an important defense mechanism.
Classical, Alternative, Lectin Pathways
The three pathways of complement activation, involving different mechanisms and triggers for activation.
MAC Complex
The membrane attack complex, which is formed as a result of complement activation and is responsible for cell lysis.
Complement Activation Investigation
Assessment of complement activation is done by investigating levels of hemolysis, complement factors (C1q, C3, C4, C5, P, and B factors), and using methods such as radial immunodiffusion, ELISA, and nephelometry.
Immune Deficiency
A condition characterized by low concentrations of proteins in the gamma globulin fraction and lowered concentrations of particular antibody subclasses, which may indicate immune deficiency. It is often suspected in individuals with frequent bacterial infections.
Antibodies Structure
Antibodies have two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains, with different isoforms and classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), as well as genetic differences between individuals and various regions (C, V, paratopes, etc).
Antibodies Classification
Antibodies are classified into different classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) with differences in their structure and function, including five different isoforms and six subclasses.
Antibodies Characteristics
Antibodies have characteristics such as valency, affinity, and avidity, which contribute to their ability to bind antigens and play a role in immune responses.
Infectious Diseases and Antibodies
The presence of antibodies specific to infectious agents usually indicates infection and is often investigated using methods like ELISA, Western Blot, and serological tests for specific pathogens.
Antibodies Investigation
Antibodies are investigated in the context of infectious diseases and immune deficiencies, often using methods like ELISA, Western Blot, immunonephelometry, turbidimetry, and measurement of immune complexes in serum/plasma.
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
Learn about humoral immunology, including antibody methods, B-cell activation, Th-cell functions, complement activation, immune deficiency, and antibody characteristics.
Humoral Immunology
Antibodies
Immune Response
B-cell Activation
T-cell Activation
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