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What are the multidimensional aspects of age?
Age is multidimensional, including chronological, biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
What role do the different dimensions of age play?
Each dimension plays a key role in distinguishing stages of development.
How has emerging adulthood changed over time?
As emerging adulthood has extended, so have early and middle adulthood.
What is 'Healthy Life Expectancy'?
Healthy Life Expectancy is the years a person is expected to live in good health.
What can Canadians expect in terms of Healthy Life Expectancy?
Canadians born 2000 to 2015 can expect to live 72.3 years in good health.
What is the significance of health and fitness in aging for Canadians?
For Canadians, aging is not just about numbers; it's more about the health and fitness of the body and mind.
What are some factors contributing to healthier lifestyles and extended middle age?
Healthier lifestyles and medical advances contribute to extending middle age.
What are some differences in health attitudes, habits, and lifestyle between men and women?
Women generally live longer and have lower mortality rates. For example, there are higher rates of deaths due to lung cancer among middle-aged men, who are heavier smokers.
What is the Evolutionary Theory of Aging?
The Evolutionary Theory of Aging suggests that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions or nonadaptive characteristics in older adults, and it is linked to reproductive fitness in virtually all species. Women typically outlive men and have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases.
What is the Cellular Clock Theory (Hayflick)?
The Cellular Clock Theory suggests that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing, leading to a slowdown in health and fitness.
What are some visible signs of physical changes in middle and late adulthood?
Some visible signs of change include hair thinning, loss of pigmentation, wrinkles, loss of fat and collagen, height loss, bone loss, and weight gain.
What is sarcopenia?
Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, especially in the back and legs.
At what age do joints and bones reach maximum density?
Joints and bones reach maximum density in the mid to late 30s.
Collagen
Contributes to bone density, skin elasticity, and joint health.
Height loss
May occur due to changes in bone density and structure, particularly in late adulthood.
Untitled Flashcards
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Erikson proposed that middle aged adults face a significant issue
Generativity versus Stagnation
Generativity
Desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation, achieve a kind of immortality
Stagnation
Self-absorption, individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation
Erikson proposed that during late adulthood we face the final stage
Integrity versus Despair. We reflect on the past, piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent
Transition to middle adulthood lasts about 5 years ages 40 to 45 and requires the adult male to come to grips with four major conflicts
1. being young versus being old 2. being destructive versus being constructive 3. being masculine versus being feminine 4. being attached to others versus being separated from them
Midlife transition is tumultuous and psychologically painful, and some aspects of their lives came into question
Midlife crisis
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life
A theory of adult development
Life Events Approach
A way to conceptualize adult personality development, focusing on how life events influence individual development, mediating factors, and individual adaptation to life events
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults are more selective about social networks, place high value on emotional satisfaction, and spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships
Selective Optimization with Compensation theory
Linked with successful aging, involves selection, optimization, and compensation to adapt to age-related changes
Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC)
Factors linked with successful aging: selection, optimization, and compensation
Stability and Change
Conceptualizes personality development with a focus on stability and change
Successful aging is linked with three main factors
Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC)
Big five factors of personality
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN)
What longitudinal studies have shown about personality traits in adulthood
On average, agreeableness and conscientiousness increase, while neuroticism decreases. Stability of personality also tends to increase with age.
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Cultural variation in the experience of death
Death is equated with loneliness or considered the end of one's quest for happiness. Death is not viewed as the end of one's existence - different religions have varying beliefs about death and the afterlife (heaven, hell, having a soul, reincarnation)
Perceived control as an adaptive strategy
Individuals led to believe they can influence and control events to prolong their lives may become more alert and cheerful. Denial can be a way for some individuals to approach death, and it can be adaptive or maladaptive.Â
Perceived control as an adaptive strategy
Denial may be used to avoid shock, delaying the necessity of dealing with death, and insulating the individual from having to cope with intense feelings of anger and hurt
The Dying Person Facing Death: Five Stages (DABDA)Â
1) Denial and isolation, 2) Anger, 3) Bargaining,  4) Depression, 5) Acceptance.
Definitions and Determining Death
Brain death is a neurological definition of death. It states that a person is dead when all brain functions have permanently ceased. There are different definitions of death, and the determination of death can vary based on cultural, religious, and legal perspectives.
Funeral and Burial
Opportunity to reminisce, talk with others who have been important, and to end life conscious of what life has been like.
Determining Death: Brain Death
Neurological definition of death stating that a person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. Lower brain areas may monitor heartbeat and respiration even when higher brain areas have ceased functioning.
Determining Death: Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)
Process by which an individual experiencing intolerable suffering and an incurable medical condition may legally end their life with the assistance of a physician or nurse practitioner.
Themes of Good Death
Surveyed preferences for dying process, pain-free status, and emotional well-being. Advanced care planning helps individuals and loved ones make treatment choices known.
Hospice Care
Compassionate comfort care for people facing a terminal illness with a prognosis of six months or less, focusing on pain, anxiety, and depression relief.
Palliative Care
Compassionate comfort care providing relief from the symptoms and physical and mental stress of a serious or life-limiting illness. Can be pursued at diagnosis, during treatment, and at the end of life.
The Grieving Survivor: Shock
Response to sudden and unexpected death. Suicide and accidents are among the top causes of death between ages 15 and 44. Indigenous youth suicide rates are higher than non-Indigenous.
The Grieving Survivor: PTSD
Mental disorder caused by sudden death grief, leading to vivid nightmares, flashbacks, and intense emotional distress. Affects family, friends, and communities.
Indigenous youth suicide
5-6 times higher than non-Indigenous youth
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
mental disorder that often causes vivid nightmares, flashbacks, feelings of nervousness, irritability
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Transition to Adulthood: Emerging Adulthood (18-25 years)
- Identity exploration, especially in love and work - Instability: residential change, instability in love, work, education - Self-focused: little in the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others - Feeling in between: many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults - Age of possibilities: opportunity to transform their lives
Markers of Adulthood (Jeffrey Arnett, 2006)
- Full-time employment - Economic independence - Accepting self-responsibility - Making independent decisions - In developing countries, marriage is often a significant marker (but relevance may vary today)
Physical Development in Early Adulthood
- Most reach peak physical performance before age 30, often between ages 19 and 26, then naturally begin to decline - Muscle tone and strength usually show signs of decline around the age of 30 - The lens of the eye loses some of its elasticity, less able to change shape and focus on near objects - Hearing begins to decline in the last part of early adulthood - Fatty tissue increases in middle to late twenties
Health in Emerging Adulthood (18-25 years)
- Accidents/suicide are the leading causes of death between the ages of 15 and 34 - Bad health habits from adolescence increase in emerging adulthood - Inactivity, diet, obesity, substance use, reproductive health care, and health care access worsened in emerging adulthood - Rates of being overweight/obese increased from 25% to 32% for students in fourth year of postsecondary education
Health: Substance Use in Early Adulthood
- Young men are more likely to take drugs than their female counterparts - Binge drinking peaks at about 21 to 22 years and declines through the remainder of the twenties - Binge drinking is on the rise in 25% of Canadian women between the ages
Substance Use in Adolescence
- Young men are more likely to take drugs than their female counterparts - Binge drinking peaks at about 21 to 22 years and declines through the remainder of the twenties - Binge drinking is on the rise in 25% of Canadian women between the ages of 20 and 34 - The brain undergoes drastic changes not yet completed by young adulthood, which may lead to addiction faster because a young adult's brain is more susceptible to alcohol-induced toxicity
Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
- Piaget's Formal Operational Stage is the last stage of cognitive development in adolescents - Adults and adolescents think qualitatively the same way - Adults have more knowledge and increase their knowledge in specific areas, often based on career-specific education - Some theorists don't think formal operational thinking is really solidified until adulthood - Dealing with problems becomes more systematic and sophisticated as young adults
Pragmatic Thinking and Postformal Thought
- Formal operational thought declines in young adults and is replaced by more realistic pragmatic thinking - Characteristics of pragmatic thinking include being reflective, relativistic, and contextual, as well as being influenced by emotion - Provisional, realistic thinking is influenced by emotion and is more likely to recognize that thinking and decision making are influenced by emotions
Cognitive Development and Social Learning
- Social learning continues into adulthood as individuals often take cues from other people in social settings on appropriate behavior - This is a time of great creativity for some people, and age-related decline in creativity is very field specific - Many benefits of having a creative outlet include stress reduction, sense of purpose and pride, social connection, and physical and emotional enrichment
Cognitive Development and Socioemotional Development
- For adults, socioemotional development revolves around adapting and integrating emotional experiences into enjoyable relationships with others and finding meaning in emotional experiences - The first 20 years of life lay the foundation for adult socioemotional development - Adult attachment styles include secure, avoidant, and anxious
Personality Development - Big Five Factors
- The Big Five factors include open-mindedness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability - These factors are used to describe human personality and are the most widely accepted model of personality traits
Socioemotional Development
The first 20 years of life lay the foundation for adult socioemotional development.
Adult Attachment Styles
Secure: Positive views of relationships, easy to get close to others. Avoidant: Hesitant about romantic relationships. Anxious: Demand closeness, less trusting, possessive.
Personality Development - Big Five Factors
Originally thought to be considerably stable across adult years, but more recently, greater changes in early adulthood have been observed. Conscientiousness continuously increases from early to late adulthood.
Love and Close Relationships - Intimacy
Involves self-disclosure and sharing of private thoughts. Adolescents have an increased need for intimacy as they develop identity and establish independence from parents. Managing demands of intimacy, identity, and independence becomes a central task of adulthood.
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Scholarly Assistant's Insights
Learn about emerging adulthood, markers of adulthood, and physical development in early adulthood.
Transition To Adulthood
Physical Development
Health In Emerging Adulthood
Substance Use
Cognitive Development
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