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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.
PITUITARY GLAND
A small gland located in the brain that is controlled by the hypothalamus.
INFUNDIBULUM
A structure that connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
A gland made up of epithelial cells and responsible for secreting protein tropic hormones.
PROTEIN TROPIC HORMONES
The most common hormones secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulate the secretion of other hormones.
GROWTH HORMONE
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates growth and development.
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH)
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.
GIGANTISM
A condition characterized by excessive growth during bone development, often caused by an excess of growth hormone.
ACROMEGALY
A condition characterized by excessive growth after bone development, resulting in enlarged limbs and facial features, often caused by an excess of growth hormone.
DWARFISM
A condition characterized by stunted growth and short stature, often caused by a deficiency in growth hormone.
ENLARGEMENT
An abnormality of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that causes the thyroid gland to increase in size.
SHRINKAGE
An abnormality of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that causes the thyroid gland to decrease in size.
DARKENING OF SKIN
An abnormality of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that causes increased pigmentation of the skin.
SKIN PIGMENTATION
The coloration of the skin, which can be influenced by hormones such as the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Pituitary gland
Small gland in the brain controlled by hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Anterior Pituitary gland
Made up of epithelial cells, secretes protein tropic hormones
Growth Hormone
Stimulates secretion of other hormones, abnormalities include gigantism and acromegaly
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Abnormalities include enlargement and shrinkage of the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Abnormalities include darkening of skin and insufficiency
Gonadotropins
Hormones related to sex cells and their glands
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Nerve cells connected directly into the brain stem
Melanocyte stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Increases melanin production in skin
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) or Interstitial cell stimulating Hormone
Female ovulation and progesterone production, male sperm production and testosterone synthesis
Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Female estrogen secretion and follicle maturation, male sperm cell production
Prolactin
Male increased LH sensitivity, female milk production
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Conserves water, constricts blood vessels, increases uterine contractions during labor
Thyroid gland
Large gland in the neck, requires iodine to function
Thyroid Hormone
Abnormalities include hypothyroidism (obesity) and hyperthyroidism (weight loss)
Calcitonin
Increases metabolic rates, decreases rate of bone breakdown, decreases calcium production
Parathyroid gland
Increases calcium levels, increases Vitamin D synthesis
Adrenal glands
Glands located above the kidneys, composed of medulla and cortex
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (adrenaline)
Fight or flight response, increases fat, lipid, and protein breakdown
Aldosterone (mineral corticoids)
Water retention
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
Reduces inflammatory responses
Androgens
Not significant in females, involved in male sex drive
Pancreas
Organ in the abdomen that produces hormones
Glucagon
Regulates blood glucose levels, breaks down glycogen
Insulin
Stores glucose in the form of glycogen, abnormalities include diabetes mellitus
Testes
Male reproductive organs, sperm production
Ovaries
Female reproductive organs, estrogen and progesterone production
Thymus
Protects immune system
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin, controls circadian rhythm
Regulates metabolism
Function of the endocrine system
Controls food and digestion
Function of the endocrine system
Modulation of tissue development
Function of the endocrine system
Regulates ions (Ca, Na, K)
Function of the endocrine system
Controls water balance
Function of the endocrine system
Uterine contractions and milk production
Function of the endocrine system
Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
Function of the endocrine system
Monitors blood glucose levels
Function of the endocrine system
Aids immune system
Function of the endocrine system
Reproductive functions
Function of the endocrine system
Hormones are chemical messengers
Characteristic of hormones
Autocrine
Type of chemical messenger that stimulates itself
Paracrine
Type of chemical messenger that affects nearby cells
Neurotransmitter
Type of chemical messenger secreted by nerve cells
Endocrine
Type of chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood
Receptor site
Location on the cell where hormones bind
Target tissue
Group of cells that respond to specific hormones
Specificity
Property of hormones binding to specific receptor sites
Water-soluble hormones
Type of hormone that is polar and enters the cell slowly
Lipid-soluble hormones
Type of hormone that easily enters the cell and is smaller in size
Stimulation of hormonal release
Process that involves humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli
Humoral stimuli
Stimuli related to body fluids
Neural stimuli
Stimuli related to neural cells
Hormonal stimuli
Stimuli that stimulates the secretion of hormones
All hormones are chemical messengers but not all chemical messengers are hormones (TRUE OR FALSE)
TRUE
Autocrine
Chemical messenger that stimulates itself; has a local effect only on the same type of cell; e.g. white blood cells (WBC)
Paracrine
Chemical messenger that affects other cells in close proximity; e.g. somatostatin
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger that is secreted by nerve cells and activates adjacent cells
Endocrine
Chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood and travels to target cells due to their wide coverage
Receptor site
Location on a cell where a hormone binds; lock
Target tissue
Group of cells that respond to a specific hormone
Specificity
Specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites
Water soluble hormones
Hormones that are polar and enter the cell by slowly diffusing in the phospholipid bilayer
Functions of Endocrine System
1. Regulates metabolism 2. Controls food and digestion 3. Modulation of tissue development 4. Regulates ions (Ca, Na, K) 5. Controls water balance 6. Controls uterine contractions and milk production 7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure 8. Monitors blood glucose levels 9. Aids immune system 10. Reproductive functions
Chemical Messengers
Endocrine, Autocrine, Paracrine, Neurotransmitter
Type of Hormones
Water soluble hormones, Lipid soluble hormones
Bigger than lipid soluble hormones; Needs membrane-bound receptor to enter
Water soluble hormones
Can easily enter; Smaller in size; Steroids and thyroid hormones
Lipid soluble hormones
Smaller in size and doesn't last in the bloodstream; Needs binding proteins or nuclear receptors as chaperones
Lipid soluble hormones
All hormones in the pituitary gland are water soluble
Water soluble hormones
Stimulation of Hormonal Release
1. Humoral stimuli (body fluids) 2. Neural stimuli (related to neural cells) 3. Hormonal stimuli
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Scholarly Assistant's Insights
Endocrine system overview: glands, hormones, functions, abnormalities, and types of chemical messengers.
Endocrine System
Hormones
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
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