Classes are blueprints for creating objects, and objects are instances of classes that encapsulate data and behavior.

Instantiating an object refers to creating a new instance of a class using the "new" keyword, which allocates memory for the object and calls its constructor to initialize it.

Methods in Java are functions defined within a class that perform specific tasks or operations.

Methods with parameters are functions that accept input values (parameters) to process or utilize in their operations.

Loops in Java, such as for, while, and do-while loops, are control flow structures that execute a block of code repeatedly based on a condition.

Inheritance is a feature of object-oriented programming that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class.

Selection statements, like the "if" statement, allow a program to make decisions and execute different blocks of code based on specific conditions.

Two-way selection statements, such as the "if-else" statement, enable a program to choose between two alternative courses of action based on a condition.

An attribute in Java refers to a data member (or field) of a class, representing the state of the object.

You usually use the "this.variable = variable;" inside of these.

A no-argument constructor, also known as a default constructor, is a constructor with no parameters.

You usually use the "this.variable = variable;" inside of these.

A parameterized constructor is a constructor with parameters used to initialize the object with specific values at the time of creation.

The "this" keyword in Java is used to refer to the current instance of the class and is used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters with the same name.

A constructor is a special type of method that is used to initialize an object's state when it is created.

Variables are used to store data that can be manipulated and referenced within a program.

An accessor method, often referred to as a getter method, is used to access the value of an attribute in a class.

Operators and expressions are used to perform computations and comparisons in Java, allowing for the manipulation of variables and values.

A mutator method, often referred to as a setter method, is used to modify the value of an attribute in a class.

This involves overriding the toString() method in a class to return a string representation of the object's state.

A one-dimensional array is a linear collection of elements of the same type, referenced by a single variable name.

Modifying elements in a one-dimensional array involves accessing a specific element at a particular index and assigning it a new value.

Traversing an array with a for loop enables the sequential access and processing of each element within an array.

Preconditions are the conditions that must be true before a method is executed, while postconditions are the conditions that must be true after the method has executed.

Polymorphism allows methods to be called on objects of different classes and have them behave differently based on their implementation. 

An enhanced for loop allows easy traversal of arrays or collections without using an index.

You would use this when: 

Various algorithms can be applied to arrays, such as search, sort, and manipulation algorithms. An example is the binary search algorithm for searching an element in a sorted array.

To find duplicates in an array, you can use a nested for loop to compare each element with every other element in the array and identify duplicates based on the comparison results.

The Theater class contains static methods such as drawScene, playSound, writeNotes, and loadImage to perform drawing operations, play sounds, write notes, and load images, respectively. The final keyword is used to declare constant fields WIDTH and HEIGHT, while the class utilizes graphical operations through the java.awt and javax.swing packages to display the theater scene.

Static variables and methods in Java belong to the class rather than instances of the class, with static variables representing shared data and static methods performing operations that are not tied to a specific instance of the class.

The Math class in Java provides a collection of static methods for performing common mathematical operations such as calculating square roots (sqrt), powers (pow), and absolute value (abs).

Rounding involves converting a floating-point number to the nearest integer, while casting involves explicitly converting a value from one data type to another in Java.

variableName = (variableType)(Math.round()*num1) + num2;

0.9 * number1 = max

added or subtracted number (num2) is your min

Math.random() in Java returns a pseudo-random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.

The .random() method in Java returns a pseudo-random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.

Object aliases refer to multiple references to the same object in a program, while equality in Java refers to comparing two values or objects for equivalence.

Nested conditionals refer to the use of conditional statements within other conditional statements, allowing for more complex decision-making within a program.