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abnormal psych
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Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
"I want my way" - pattern of preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism and tend to have poor interpersonal relationship because of general rigidity.
Dependent Personality Disorder
"I need people to survive and be happy"- they desire to obtain and maintain a supportive and nurturant relationship
Avoidant Personality Disorder
"If people knew the real me, they will reject me" - they feel chronologically rejected by others and are pessimistic about the future
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
"Since I am special, I deserve special rules" - pattern of grandiosity (pre occupation of unreasonable sense of self worth)
Histrionic Personality Disorder
"People are there to serve me, or admire me" - characterized by extensive attention seeking (they tend to be seen as acting due to their exaggerated way of presenting themselves)
Borderline Personality Disorder
"I deserve to be punished" - pattern of instability in interpersonal relationship
Antisocial Personality Disorder
"I am entitled to break rules" - disregard for violations of rights of others and often engage in criminal activities
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
"It is better not to be associated with other people" - cognitive or perceptual distortions (they prefer solitary and rarely express their emotions)
Schizoid Personality Disorder
"Relationship are messy. Undesirable" - restricted range of emotional expression and preference for solitary activities
Paranoid Personality Disorder
"I cannot trust other people" - pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of other actions
SPECIFIERS
Categories within delusional disorder that describe the central theme of the delusion. Examples include erotomanic type, grandiose type, jealous type, persecutory type, somatic type, mixed type, and unspecified type.
Disorganized thinking
Switching from one topic to another without logical connection (derailment).
Personality Disorder
A persistent pattern of emotions, thoughts, and behavior that causes distress to the person and affects their social relationships. It is ego-syntonic (the person sees their behavior as normal).
DSM 5
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which categorizes mental disorders for diagnosis.
Axis II
In previous editions of DSM, personality disorders were included in this axis for diagnosis.
Categorical Approach
A method of diagnosis in which disorders are classified into distinct categories.
Dimensional Model
A method of diagnosis that considers the degree or severity of symptoms rather than categorizing them into distinct disorders.
Cluster A - Odd or Eccentric
Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
Cluster B - Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Cluster C - Anxious or Fearful
Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. People with this disorder find it difficult to trust others.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a restricted range of emotional expression and a preference for solitary activities.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by cognitive or perceptual distortions, eccentric behavior, and difficulty forming relationships.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. People with this disorder often engage in criminal behavior.
Borderline Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. People with this disorder often fear abandonment and have difficulty regulating their emotions.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by excessive attention-seeking behavior and a tendency to be overly dramatic.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
Dependent Personality Disorder
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clingy behavior.
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Includes schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Defined by abnormalities in the domains of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, at the expense of flexibility and interpersonal relationships.
Delusions
False beliefs based on incorrect inference about external reality. Firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
Hallucinations
Perception-like experiences without external stimulation of relevant sensory organ.
Positive symptoms
Symptoms of schizophrenia characterized by the presence of abnormal experiences (e.g., delusions, hallucinations).
Negative symptoms
Symptoms of schizophrenia characterized by the absence or reduction of normal behaviors (e.g., flat affect, avolition).
Disorganized symptoms
Symptoms of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized thinking, speech, and behavior.
Common types of hallucination
Types include auditory, gustatory, olfactory, somatic, tactile, visual.
Avolition
Inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities.
Common types of delusion
Types include bizarre, delusional jealousy, erotomanic, grandiose, mixed type, feelings of being controlled, delusion of reference, persecutory, somatic, thought broadcasting.
Alogia
Relative absence of speech, difficulty finding the right words to formulate thoughts.
Anhedonia
Lack of pleasure or interest in activities typically considered pleasurable.
Flat affect
Absence or near absence of emotional expression.
Extremely frustrating, making you feel as if you are pulling teeth to get them to respond
Difficulty communicating or engaging with someone who is unresponsive or uncooperative
Anhedonia
Lack of pleasure or enjoyment in activities
Flat affect
Absence or near absence of any sign of affective expression
Disorganized Symptoms
Erratic behaviors affecting speech, motor behavior, and emotional reactions
Disorganized thinking
Thought disorder inferred from the individual's speech
Derailment or loose associations
Switching from one topic to another without logical connection
Tangentiality
Answers to questions that are obliquely related or completely unrelated
Inappropriate Affect
Discordance between affective expression and speech or ideation
Disorganized Behavior
Exhibiting bizarre behaviors or acting in unusual ways
Psychomotor Symptoms
Abnormalities in movement and behavior
Catatonic stupor
Unresponsiveness to the environment
Catatonic rigidity
Maintaining a rigid upright posture for hours
Catatonic posturing
Assuming awkward and bizarre positions for long periods of time
Catatonic excitement
Excited and hyperactive behavior with waving arms and legs
Other Psychotic Disorders
Various other disorders characterized by psychosis
BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
A psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior, but lasting less than 1 month. It often occurs in reaction to a stressor.
SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER
A psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia, but lasting less than 6 months. It is a category reserved for schizophrenia-like psychoses that do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
A personality disorder characterized by interpersonal deficits, discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior. It is not the same as schizophrenia and does not involve hallucinations or delusions.
SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER
A psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major mood disorder. The cause of the disorder is unknown, but genetic, biochemical, and environmental factors are believed to be involved.
DELUSIONAL DISORDER
A psychotic disorder characterized by persistent false beliefs (delusions) that are contrary to reality. Unlike schizophrenia, the person's behavior is not consistently disoriented or deteriorating.
SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
A disorder distinguished by the presence of hallucinations and absence of intact reality testing. It is caused by the physiological effects of drugs or medications.
PSYCHOTIC DISORDER DUE TO ANOTHER MEDICAL CONDITION
A diagnosis used when psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, are directly caused by an underlying medical condition.
CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
1. Genetics: Overactive dopamine system and abnormalities in brain structure. 2. Brain Structure: Bigger ventricles and frontal lobe dysfunction. 3. Psychodynamic Explanation: Schizophrenogenic mother and shared delusions. 4. Cognitive Explanation: Misinterpreting unusual sensations and operant conditioning. 5. Sociocultural Views: Family dysfunction, multicultural factors, and social labeling.
TREATMENTS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER SEVERE MENTAL DISORDERS
1. Milieu Therapy: A humanistic approach to institutional treatment that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity. 2. Token Economy: A behavior-focused program that reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens or rewards.
Deux or shared psychosis
A condition where two or more people who are closely related or have a close relationship develop similar psychotic symptoms
Operant conditioning
A learning process where behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it
Misinterpreting unusual sensations
When someone misunderstands or gives incorrect meaning to abnormal feelings or experiences
Sociocultural views
Perspectives that explain schizophrenia and mental disorders in terms of social and cultural factors
Family Dysfunction
When a family experiences high levels of criticism, disapproval, hostility, and invasion of privacy towards each other
Multicultural Factors
The influence of race and ethnicity on the rates and expression of schizophrenia
Social Labeling
The belief that the symptoms of schizophrenia are influenced by society's labeling of individuals who do not conform to certain behavioral norms
Milieu Therapy
A humanistic approach to institutional treatment that creates an environment promoting self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity
Token Economy
A behavior-focused program where desirable behaviors are systematically reinforced by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods, privileges, or other rewards
Medications
Drugs used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs that help correct confused and distorted thinking, reducing symptoms in around 70% of patients with schizophrenia
1st generation antipsychotic drugs
Conventional antipsychotic drugs that reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions
2nd generation antipsychotic drugs
Atypical antipsychotic drugs that can effectively reduce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Extrapyramidal Effects
Unwanted movements, such as severe shaking or bizarre facial expressions, caused by antipsychotic drugs
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A severe and potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs, characterized by muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction
Tardive Dyskinesia
Involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw, caused by long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
Agranulocytosis
A life-threatening drop in white blood cell count, sometimes produced by certain second-generation antipsychotic drugs
Psychotherapy
A form of treatment that focuses on understanding and addressing psychological issues and improving mental well-being
Cognitive Remediation Using Computers
A treatment for schizophrenia that targets cognitive impairments, such as attention, planning, and memory difficulties, using computer-based exercises
Hallucination Reinterpretation and Acceptance
A therapy technique that helps clients reattribute and interpret their hallucinations more accurately, and learn coping strategies to reduce their impact and distress
Family Therapy
A form of therapy that provides support, guidance, and education to family members to help improve overall family dynamics and address specific issues.
Social Therapy
A therapy approach that focuses on practical advice, problem-solving, memory enhancement, decision-making, and improving social skills to enhance overall functioning and quality of life.
Emotional Support
Providing understanding, comfort, and encouragement to individuals experiencing emotional difficulties or challenges.
Empathy
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, showing compassion and support.
Psychoeducation
Providing information and education about a specific mental health disorder or condition to clients and their families to enhance understanding and coping skills.
Problem-Solving
Assisting clients in identifying and addressing problems in a systematic and effective manner.
Memory Enhancement
Strategies and techniques used to improve memory function and retention of information.
Decision-Making
Assisting clients in making informed and effective decisions by providing guidance and support.
Social Skills
Developing and improving interpersonal skills to effectively interact and communicate with others in various social situations.
Medication Adherence
Ensuring that clients take their prescribed medications properly, following the correct dosage and schedule.
Work and Financial Assistance
Providing support and resources to help individuals find employment and financial stability.
Healthcare Access
Assisting individuals in accessing appropriate healthcare services and ensuring they receive necessary medical care.
Housing Support
Providing assistance and resources to help individuals find and maintain suitable housing.
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Explore various personality disorders and their characteristics, symptoms, and treatment options.
Abnormal Psychology
Personality Disorders
Schizophrenia
Psychotic Disorders
Mental Health
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