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Anion Test: Carbonate
Add dilute acid then test for carbon dioxide gas Effervescence (carbon dioxide produced)
Anion Test: Chloride
Acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous silver nitrate White ppt
Anion Test: Bromide
Acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous silver nitrate Cream ppt
Anion Test: Iodide
Acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous silver nitrate Yellow ppt
Anion Test: Nitrate
Add aqueous sodium hydroxide then aluminium foil Warm carefully Ammonia produced
Anion Test: Sulfate
Acidify with dilute nitric acid then add aqueous barium nitrate White ppt
Anion Test: Sulfite
Add a small volume of acidified aqueous potassium manganate VII The acidified aqueous potassium manganate VII changes colour from purple to colourless
Cation Test: Aluminium
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: White ppt (soluble in excess giving a colourless solution) Effect of aqueous ammonia: White ppt (insoluble in excess)
Cation Test: Ammonium
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: No ppt Effect of aqueous ammonia: Ammonia produced on warming
Cation Test: Calcium
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: White ppt (insoluble in excess) Effect of aqueous ammonia: No ppt or very slight white ppt
Cation Test: Chromium III
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: Green ppt (soluble in excess) Effect of aqueous ammonia: Green ppt (insoluble in excess)
Cation Test: Copper II
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: Light blue ppt (insoluble in excess) Effect of aqueous ammonia: Light blue ppt (soluble in excess giving a dark blue solution)
Cation Test: Iron II
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: Green ppt (insoluble in excess) Ppt turns brown near surface on standing Effect of aqueous ammonia: Green ppt (insoluble in excess) Ppt turns brown near surface on standing
Cation Test: Iron III
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: Red-brown ppt (insoluble in excess) Effect of aqueous ammonia: Red-brown ppt (insoluble in excess)
Cation Test: Zinc
Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide: White ppt (soluble in excess giving a colourless solution) Effect of aqueous ammonia: White ppt (soluble in excess giving a colourless solution)
Gas Test: Ammonia
Turns damp red litmus paper blue
Gas Test: Carbon Dioxide
Turns limewater milky
Gas Test: Chlorine
Bleaches damp litmus paper
Gas Test: Hydrogen
Pops with a lighted splint
Gas Test: Oxygen
Relights a glowing splint
Gas Test: Sulfur Dioxide
Turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate VII from purple to colourless
Flame Test: Lithium
Flame colour: Red
Flame Test: Sodium
Flame colour: Yellow
Flame Test: Potassium
Flame colour: Lilac
Flame Test: Calcium
Flame colour: Orange-red
Flame Test: Barium
Flame colour: Light green
Flame Test: Copper II
Flame colour: Blue-green
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
Chemical tests for ions and gases, flame tests for various elements summarized concisely.
Chemistry
Chemical Tests
Laboratory Procedures
Anion Tests
Cation Tests
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