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Circulatory & Lymphatic
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Superior and inferior vena cava
Veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava
Tricuspid valve
Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
Right ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Lungs (for gas exchange)
Organs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released
Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
Left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta
Aortic valve
Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
The strongest contractions that help the blood move forward are from the ventricles
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart when the ventricles are filling with blood
Systole
The contraction phase of the heart when the ventricles pump blood
Parietal
The outermost covering of the heart, connected to the cavity
Visceral Pericardium
Cavity space between the parietal and the visceral layer of the heart
Serous layer
Contains serous fluid which reduces friction between the layers to allow contractions
Layers of the heart wall
Epicardium (outermost layer), Myocardium (thickest layer), Endocardium (lines the heart chambers)
Epicardium
Outermost layer of the heart
Myocardium
Thickest layer of the heart that does most of the contracting
Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart chambers
Special coating (prostacyclin)
Prevents clotting in the heart
Structures of the heart
Base (superior part of the heart), Apex (inferior part of the heart)
Pulmonary circuit
Part of the circulatory system where gas exchange occurs in the lungs
Systemic circuit
Part of the circulatory system where capillaries exchange gases and collect waste from tissues throughout the body
Tunica externa
Thin, permeable outer layer of blood vessel walls
Tunica media
Thickest layer of blood vessel walls
Tunica interna
Squamous epithelial layer that is permeable and secretes something to prevent clotting
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels, consisting of a base membrane and endothelium
Flow to the capillaries
Aorta (largest artery), medium arteries, arteriole (smallest part of the arteries), capillary beds (a web-like collection of capillaries)
Superior and inferior veins
Largest veins, responsible for returning blood to the heart
Conducting arteries
Largest arteries, such as the aorta
Precapillary sphincters
These can dilate or constrict to control blood flow in the capillaries
Microcirculation
The circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels, including capillary beds
Capillary beds
Networks of capillaries that provide nutrients to various tissues in the body
Aorta
The largest artery in the body
Portal system
A pathway that includes two capillary beds, such as the one found in the liver
Hepatic portal vein
The vein that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver
Anastomosis
A shunt or bypass channel that doesn't go through capillary beds
Arteriovenous anastomosis
Bypassing one of the arteries to find an alternative route
Venous anastomosis
A shunt or bypass channel that connects two veins
Blood's purpose
Transporting nutrients, protecting through carrying white blood cells, clotting, maintaining fluid balance, regulating body temperature
Components of Blood
Blood plasma (larger component), formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
Blood plasma
Component of blood composed of water, salts, proteins, and substances transported by blood
Albumin
Most abundant protein found in blood plasma, helps with osmotic balance
Formed elements
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Red blood cells
Do not have nuclei, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hematopoiesis
Production of all formed elements
Erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
White blood cells
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cell, aggressively consumes bacteria and pathogens
Eosinophils
Secrete chemicals to weaken or destroy parasites
Basophils
Rarest white blood cell, release histamines and heparin
Monocytes
Largest white blood cell, destroys large microorganisms
Lymphocytes
Second most abundant white blood cell, help coordinate immune responses
Platelets
Fragments produced by megakaryocytes, help with clotting
Lymphatic System
Includes lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs
Lymph fluid
Fluid that collects interstitial fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Vessels that move lymph fluid throughout the body
Thymus
Lymphatic organ that helps filter lymph fluid
Spleen
Lymphatic organ that helps filter lymph fluid
Lymphatic capillary system
Sit outside of the tissues, osmosis is important
Histamines
Release histamines Vasoconstriction in the blood vessels Makes them more porous
Heparin
Anticoagulation Stops clotting
Monocyte
Largest security guard Destroy large microorganisms Help support breaking down dead body cells Ingest 25% of their own volume per hour Alerts and triggers a response for the WBC to come
Lymphocyte
Second after neutrophils Help and increase in number based on immune responses Coordinators of our system Surveying and sending signals to other WBC and coordinate For long-term immunity memory Recognize bacteria faster
Platelets
Formed elements of bone marrow Produced by megakaryocytes Help with clotting Thrombopoiesis Does not come from the hematopoiesis stem cell Purpose: Platelet plugging and coagulation Recognize broken vessels Signals a response for vasoconstriction
Lymphatic System
2 major components: - Lymph: fluid that collects interstitial fluid - Lymphatic vessels: move that fluid throughout the body Lymphatic organs: - Thymus - Spleen Lymphatic capillary system: - Sits outside of the tissues - Osmosis is very important - 85% goes into the lymphatic system tissue - 15% goes back into the lymphatic system Lymphatic capillaries: - Tonsils - Lymph nodes - Pyres Purpose: - Helps with immunity by checking them from infections and guarding our respiratory system, etc. - Balances body fluid levels
How are the vessels working
Capillaries Lymphatic collecting vessels with valves Lymphatic trunks 2 lymphatic ducts: - Thoracic duct - Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct: Larger and longer Lymphatic system is embedded throughout our circulatory system Most common system in the lymphatic system are the nodes Purpose: - Filter - Cleanse the lymph fluid and activate the immune response system More concentration of lymph nodes in certain parts of the body: - Neck - Breast - Groin - Digestive tract - Armpits Nodes: - Often embedded in adipose tissue and connective tissue The veins are the entrance and exits for the lymphatic fluid after it has been filtered Cancers are often linked to the lymphatic nodes because they get stuck in one of the nodes and metastasize and grow and spread through the lymphatic system
Tonsils
Collection of lymphatic tissues Have some immune responses However, swelling or enlargement can cause harm to breathing and may need to be removed
Immune System
Looks at protecting our body Combination of all our body's processes to protect the body from pathogens and bacteria Major ducts: - Thoracic duct - Right lymphatic duct Digestive system: - Cisterna chyli (a large gathering of vessels) - Bowels - Lacteals (lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb lipids and fats) Thymus: - Located in between the base of the neck and the heart - Purpose: helps support growth - Large in infancy and becomes smaller as we grow older Spleen: - Largest lymph node organ - Located in the left upper - Purpose: filter the blood, cleanse of bacteria and foreign matter Peyer patches: Found in the intestine Appendix: Found in the right lower quadrant - Supports the immune response
Exam 1
Covers everything up to the lymphatic system
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
A comprehensive overview of the Circulatory & Lymphatic systems, covering heart anatomy, blood components, and lymphatic organs.
Anatomy
Physiology
Blood Circulation
Lymphatic System
Heart Function
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