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Functions of the Circulatory system
Transportation, Protection, Regulation
Components of the Circulatory system
Heart, Blood vessels, Blood
Cardiovascular system refers to
Heart and blood vessels
Single celled organisms meet their needs by
Diffusion through plasma membranes
Larger animals have cells that are too far from the surface so they need
Blood vessels
Purpose of blood
Transportation, Protection, Regulation
Transportation function of blood
Carries oxygen, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones, and stem cells
Protection function of blood
Destroys microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralizes toxins, initiates blood clotting
Regulation function of blood
Maintains fluid balance, stabilizes pH, regulates body temperature
Components of blood
Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets
Plasma
Clear, light-yellow fluid that forms the extracellular matrix of the tissue
Formed elements in blood
Cells and cell fragments
Red blood cells
Most abundant formed elements, pick up oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hematocrit
Percentage of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Blood plasma
Complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases
Proteins in blood plasma
Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen
Albumin
Smallest and most abundant plasma protein, transports solutes, contributes to blood viscosity and osmolarity
Viscosity
Thickness or stickiness of fluid
Osmolarity
Concentration of particles that cannot pass through blood vessel walls
Globulins
Important for immunity, clotting, and transport
Fibrinogen
Soluble precursor for fibrin, forms the framework for blood clot
Production of formed elements
Hematopoiesis
Red blood cells (RBC)
Pick up oxygen and carbon dioxide, lack organelles and nucleus
Erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Red iron-containing protein, transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocyte life cycle
Average lifespan of 20 days, produced in red bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Bone marrow stem cell that produces formed elements
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
Hemolysis
Rupture of red blood cells
Blood types
Determined by antigens on the surface of cells
Heme group
A component of hemoglobin that can bind to oxygen
Hemoglobin molecules
Can transport both gases simultaneously
Erythrocyte life cycle
Lives for an average of 20 days
Erythrocyte production
Produced in the red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
Hematopoiesis
Production of all formed elements of the blood
Origin of blood cells
A bone marrow stem cell called the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Colony-forming unit (CFU)
A specialized cell formed from the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Reticulocytes
Immature red blood cells that have expelled their nucleus and other organelles
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
Hemolysis
Rupture or bursting of red blood cells
Blood types
Determined by the presence of antigens on the surface of cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells that protect against infectious microorganisms and pathogens
Structure of leukocytes
Complex internal structure with organelles such as lysosomes, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi complex
Types of leukocytes
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)
Neutrophils
Most abundant white blood cells
Eosinophils
Represent only 2 to 4% of the white blood cell count
Basophils
Rarest type of white blood cell
Lymphocytes
Make up 25 to 33% of white blood cells
Monocytes
Largest white blood cells and comprise about 3-8% of white blood cells
Leukopoiesis
Production of white blood cells
Platelets
Small fragments of bone marrow cells that play a major role in stopping bleeding
Function of platelets
Secrete vasoconstrictors, stick together to form a platelet plug, secrete clotting factors, initiate clot-dissolving enzyme, and help maintain and repair blood vessels
Thrombopoiesis
Production of platelets
Hemostasis
Process of stopping bleeding
Vascular spasm
Constriction of a broken blood vessel to reduce blood loss
Platelet plug
Sticky mass of platelets that seals small breaks in blood vessels
Coagulation
Process of blood clotting
Fibrin
Sticky protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
Agglutination
Sticking together of red blood cells by antibody molecules
Cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart and blood vessels
Circulatory system
Consists of the heart and blood vessels
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Study guide notes on anatomy, covering the circulatory system, blood components, and functions of blood.
Anatomy
Circulatory System
Blood Components
Cardiovascular System
Red Blood Cells
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