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UCSP FLASHCARD
Study
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
This course uses Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology insights to develop students' awareness of cultural, social, and political dynamics and sensitivity to cultural diversity.
Why are anthropology and sociology related to UCSP?
Anthropology is the study of humans/people, which is related to UCSP because it deals with different cultures, religions, and genders. Sociology is related because it helps us understand society and human behavior in relation to its environment.
Why do we have to understand the culture?
Understanding culture is important to avoid criticism and to have a better understanding of different people and their beliefs.
Why inclusiveness and prejudice are related to UCSP?
UCSP aims to develop social and cultural competence, which includes being inclusive and understanding diversity. Prejudice arises when there is a lack of understanding and sensitivity towards different cultures.
What is society?
Society refers to a group of people who live together and interact with one another.
What is sociology?
Sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior in its environment. It explores phenomena such as crime, law, poverty, wealth, prejudice, and discrimination.
How is sociology useful?
Sociology interprets raw facts using sociological perspectives, which helps us see general patterns in the behavior of particular people. It also allows us to see the strange in the familiar by questioning common sense and experiencing society as if it's our first time.
Why do we need to learn sociology?
Learning sociology helps us understand problems and issues in society, as it allows us to see the general in particular and see the strange in the familiar.
What is social location?
Social location refers to the way individuals classify themselves in society based on factors such as race, social class, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and language.
What is culture?
Culture refers to the way of life shared by a group of people. It includes language, norms, rituals, values, and artifacts.
What are the elements of culture?
The elements of culture include language (verbal/nonverbal), norms (formal and informal), rituals, values, and artifacts.
What are norms?
Norms are standards and expectations for behaving. Formal norms refer to the most important standards of behavior in any society, while informal norms are considered less important but still influence behavior.
What are rituals?
Rituals are procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the life course. They reflect and transmit a culture's norms and other elements from one generation to the next.
What are values?
Values involve judgments of what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. They shape the beliefs and behaviors of individuals within a society.
What are artifacts?
Artifacts are material objects that contribute to a society's material culture. They can include tools, buildings, clothing, and other physical items.
How is society related to culture?
Society is the structure within which culture exists. Culture guides the way people live and interact within a society.
What are the three branches of government?
The three branches of government are legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative branch is authorized to make laws, the executive branch carries out the laws, and the judiciary branch evaluates the laws.
Why do we need to care about politics?
Politics concerns us because it affects our lives. Without politics, we cannot cooperate with one another and society falls into critical danger.
How is politics connected to society and culture?
Politics uses power to protect, impose, or change the structure or way of living in society. Society provides the structure, while culture guides the way people live within that structure.
What are examples of social, cultural, and political changes?
Examples of social, cultural, and political changes include the rise of new technological platforms, which facilitate immediate self-expression and interactions, and can bring about both positive and negative changes.
What is anthropology?
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity. It explores human beings and their societies, social structures, cultural patterns, and political hierarchies.
What is the relevance of anthropology?
Anthropology helps us understand the patterns of living in terms of social structure, cultural patterns, and political hierarchies. It helps us explain current phenomena and understand human diversity.
What is sociology?
Sociology is the scientific study of all human activities in society. It seeks to understand human beings in groups and explores social structures, institutions, and processes.
What is the main goal of sociology?
The main goal of sociology is to learn about humanity and promote cooperation within society. Without cooperation, individuals cannot belong in society.
What are the three perspectives in sociology?
The three perspectives in sociology are symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, and social consensus or cohesion. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the meaning individuals assign to their actions. Structural functionalism sees society as a complex system where each aspect contributes to its functioning. Social consensus or cohesion emphasizes the agreement and collaboration of members for the benefit of society as a whole.
What is symbolic interactionism?
Symbolic interactionism examines the symbols of everyday life and how individuals interact with each other. It seeks to understand the meanings individuals assign to their own actions.
What is structural functionalism?
Structural functionalism views society as a complex system where each aspect contributes to its overall functioning. It emphasizes stability and social order.
What is social consensus or cohesion?
Social consensus or cohesion is the idea that society is held together by the agreement and collaboration of its members. It involves working together for the best interests of society as a whole.
What are the two kinds of social consensus?
The two kinds of social consensus are mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity exists in societies where people have similar values, beliefs, and engage in similar types of work. Organic solidarity arises in societies where people are interdependent due to the division of labor.
Stratification
Classification into different groups
Symbolic Interactionism
Considers the symbols of details of everyday life, their meanings, and how they interact with each other
Structural Functionalism
Each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole
Social Consensus or Cohesion
Society is held together by social consensus or cohesion, where all members agree upon and work together to achieve what is best for society
Mechanical Solidarity
Social cohesion where individuals maintain similar values, beliefs, and engage in similar types of work
Organic Solidarity
Social cohesion where individuals are interdependent, but hold varying values, beliefs, and engage in varying types of work
Manifest Functions
Intentional and obvious functions of a social institution or practice
Latent Functions
Unintentional and not obvious functions of a social institution or practice
Social Conflict Theory
Views society as composed of different groups that struggle over scarce resources like power, money, land, food, or status
Class Conflict
Views society as having different classes based on their relationship to the means of production
Bourgeoise
The upper class who own the means of production
Proletariat
The lower class who sell their labor to survive
Cultural Variation
Diverse social practices observed by different cultures
Anthropological Way of Culture
Culture is a complex whole that encompasses beliefs, practices, values, and attitudes
Enculturation
The diffusion of one's culture to another through diverse means
Identity Formation
The formation of an individual's identity through their interaction with other people
Ascribed Status
Status assigned at birth or later in life
Achieved Status
Status attained through efforts and accomplishments
Culture is Dynamic
Culture exists as a continuous process
Culture is Diverse
Culture varies from society to society
Culture is Communicated
Culture is transmitted from one generation to another through language
Mainstream Culture
Culture that aligns with society's values
Low Culture (Pop Culture)
Cultural behaviors and ideas that are popular with most people in society
High Culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Subculture
Cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population
Counter-culture
Cultural groups that push back on mainstream culture in an attempt to change how society functions
Norm
Cultural groups with the most power and societal influence
Values
Experimented by a particular society to check their relevance and appropriateness to existing norms and laws
Status
Any position that an individual can occupy in society with certain roles
Subgroups
People with less power in a society
Ethnocentrism
Seeing one's own culture as superior to others
Xenocentrism
Believing that one's own culture is inferior to those from other cultures
Xenophobia
Fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange
Multiculturalism (Cultural Relativism)
Recognizes cultural diversity while advocating for equal standing for all cultural traditions
Multiculturalism (Cultural Relativism)
Recognizes cultural diversity while advocating for equal standing for all cultural traditions.
Appreciation of other cultures
May come from two reasons: a. Acquisition of sufficient knowledge about other cultures
Evolution
Grounded on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time
Genetic Variation
The presence of differences in the genes of individuals, leading to variation in physical characteristics
Natural Selection
Process by which individuals with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce
Mesolithic Period
Transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age
Neolithic Evolution
Agricultural revolution characterized by the domestication of plants and animals
Plants Domestication
Process of cultivating and taming plants for human use
Livestock Domestication
Process of domesticating animals for food production
Social Darwinism
Concept of "survival of the fittest" coined by Herbert Spencer
Socialization
Cultural process of learning to participate in group life
Agents of Socialization
Influential factors in the socialization process, such as family, religion, school, peer group, government, and mass media
Primary Socialization
Initial experiences with language, values, beliefs, and behaviors of society
Gender Socialization
Learning the psychological and social traits associated with a person's sex
Race Socialization
Process of learning the behavior, values, and attitudes associated with racial groups
Class Socialization
Teaching of norms, values, traits, and behaviors based on the social class a person belongs to
Secondary Socialization
Process of socialization outside the home, within society at large
Peer Groups
Social groups whose members have common interests, social positions, and ages
James Coleman
Sociologist who conducted a study on the influence of social interactions on teenage education
Resocialization
Process of developing a new set of norms, values, or beliefs by breaking down one's existing identity
Total Institution
Places that control all aspects of their residents' actions, such as military prisons, boarding schools, or psychiatric institutions
Personality
The totality of a person's attributes that shape their behavior and thinking patterns
Nurture vs Nature
Debate on whether human behavior is determined by the environment or a person's genes
Theories of Personality
Various psychological theories that explain how personality is formed
The Tripartite Psyche
Freud's theory consisting of the Id, Ego, and Superego
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Freud's theory of development based on different erogenous zones
Piaget's Stages of Development
Cognitive development theory that explains how children acquire knowledge and understanding
Erikson's Theory
Psychosocial development theory that emphasizes the importance of social interaction in shaping identity
George Herbert Mead's Theory
Theory that highlights the role of social interaction and symbols in the development of self
Cooley's Looking Glass Theory
Theory stating that the self is a product of social interactions with other people
Superego
The superego is the part of the personality that represents the conscience and moral aspects of a person. It develops during early childhood and influences behavior by enforcing moral standards and inhibiting impulsive actions.
Psychosexual stages of development
Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that individuals pass through distinct stages of development, each associated with a different erogenous zone and a primary source of pleasure.
Oral Stage (0-1)
The first stage of psychosexual development where a child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking and tasting. Successful fulfillment of the child's feeding needs and proper weaning may result in the establishment of trust.
Anal Stage (2-3)
The second stage of psychosexual development where the main gratification is the ability to control bladder movement and the elimination or retention of feces. Positive and appropriate experiences revolving around potty training can encourage competence and creativity.
Phallic Stage (3-6)
The third stage of psychosexual development where the focus of pleasure is the genitals. It is during this stage that children develop a strong attachment to their opposite-sex parent and identify with their same-sex parent.
Latency Period
The fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexual feelings are dormant and the focus is on building social and intellectual skills. This stage occurs from age 6 to puberty.
Genital Stage
The fifth and final stage of psychosexual development where the focus of pleasure is on sexual activity. This stage occurs from puberty onwards and is characterized by mature sexual relationships and the ability to form lasting intimate relationships.
Piaget's stages of development
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that individuals progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
Erikson's theory
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that individuals pass through eight stages of development, each associated with a specific developmental task or crisis that must be resolved for healthy psychological development.
George Herbert Mead theory
George Herbert Mead's theory of social development emphasizes the role of social interaction and symbolic communication in the development of self-awareness and self-image. He argued that the self develops only through social interaction and the exchange of symbols.
Cooley's looking glass theory
Charles Cooley's looking glass theory suggests that the self is a product of our social interactions with other people. He argued that the self develops through three steps: 1) We imagine how we appear to others, 2) We imagine how others judge us based on their perception, and 3) We develop our self-concept based on these imagined judgments.
Heredity
Heredity refers to the characteristics that are present at birth, such as body build, hair type, eye color, and skin pigmentation. These genetic factors can influence the development of personality traits.
Birth Order
Birth order refers to the order in which individuals are born into their families. It can influence personality development as each birth order position may be associated with specific characteristics and roles within the family.
Parental Characteristics
The characteristics of parents, such as their temperament, parenting style, and values, can influence the personality development of their children. Children often learn behaviors and attitudes from their parents.
Cultural Environment
The cultural environment in which an individual grows up can determine the basic types of personality traits they possess. Cultural norms, values, and expectations shape the development of personality.
Filipino Concept of Personality
The Filipino concept of personality includes the following traits: 'Bahala na' attitude, hospitality, religiosity, loyalty, adaptability, resilience, and respect for elders.
'Bahala na' Attitude
'Bahala na' attitude is a Filipino concept that means 'Que Sera Sera' or 'whatever will be, will be.' It became a defense mechanism for Filipinos to preserve mental balance and mitigate the adverse effects of their failures.
Hospitality
Filipinos consider it a privilege to be able to offer help and friendship to all foreigners, including their former colonial masters. Hospitality is deeply ingrained in Filipino culture.
Religiosity
Filipinos have strong beliefs about their religion, and these beliefs are stronger than in more urbanized areas. Religiosity is an important aspect of Filipino culture and influences their behaviors and values.
Loyalty
Filipinos are loyal and grateful to friends who are good and reliable in both good and bad times. Loyalty is highly valued in Filipino culture.
Adaptability and Resiliency
Filipinos can integrate into any culture and cope with any climate. They are known for their adaptability and resilience in the face of challenges.
Respect for Elders
Respect for elders is a character trait that remains a customary law among Filipinos. It includes respect for the authority of elder brothers and sisters.
How Society is Organized
Humans always move in groups since ancient times. People have a natural need for a sense of belonging and interact with others. Society is organized through various social groups.
Groups
Groups are smaller units that compose a society. They transmit culture, provide social control, socialize individuals, serve as a source of ideas, and train individuals through communication.
Social Groups
Social groups are composed of two or more people who identify with and interact with one another. They are made up of people with shared experiences, loyalties, and interests.
Characteristics of a Social Group
1. Group members interact regularly through communication. 2. Members assume specific status and roles within the group structure. 3. Orderly procedures and values are agreed upon. 4. Group members feel a sense of identity and belonging.
Not Every Collection of People is a Group
There are certain distinctions that determine whether a collection of people can be considered a group. Social categories, crowds, and social aggregates do not necessarily meet the criteria of a social group.
Social Category
A social category consists of people who share a common status or characteristic, such as gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, age, or class. They have shared characteristics but may not necessarily interact with one another.
Crowd
A crowd is a loosely formed collection of people in one place, such as a group of students sitting in a large stadium for an event. Interaction within a crowd is limited and may not involve shared experiences or interests.
Social Aggregate
A social aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but do not necessarily have anything in common. They may not interact with each other or share any experiences or interests.
Scholarly Assistant's Insights
A course summary using anthropology, political science, and sociology to develop awareness of cultural, social, and political dynamics.
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