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8/12 Dental Morphology Flashcards
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What does the maxillary arch refer to?
The maxillary arch refers to the upper jaw (maxilla).
What does the mandibular arch refer to?
The mandibular arch refers to the lower jaw (mandible).
What is the alveolar process?
The alveolar process is the portion of the jaw that serves to support the teeth.
What are alveoli?
Alveoli (plural of alveolus) is the bone of the tooth socket.
How many quadrants are human dentitions divided into?
Each dentition is divided into 4 quadrants.
What separates the right and left quadrants of the dentition?
The median sagittal plane (MSP) separates the right and left quadrants.
How does the upper right quadrant relate to the upper left quadrant?
The upper right (UR) quadrant mirrors the upper left (UL) quadrant.
What does the term 'heterodont' mean?
Heterodont refers to a dentition comprised of different classes of teeth which perform different functions in the mastication (chewing) process.
What is a homodont dentition?
A homodont dentition is one where all the teeth are the same in form and type, as seen in reptiles and fish.
What does diphyodont mean?
Diphyodont means having 2 sets of teeth.
What are deciduous teeth also known as?
Deciduous teeth are also known as primary or baby teeth.
What is the significance of permanent dentition?
Permanent dentition, also known as secondary dentition, consists of teeth that replace the 20 deciduous teeth, totaling 32 teeth.
What are incisors?
Incisors are the two teeth closest to the midline, including central and lateral incisors, involved in cutting and incising food.
What are canines also known as?
Canines are also known as cuspids or 'fangs', and are involved in cutting, piercing, and tearing food.
What function do premolars serve?
Premolars (4th and 5th teeth from the midline) are involved in tearing, holding, and grinding food.
What is the role of molars?
Molars (6th, 7th, and 8th teeth from the midline) are involved in grinding and crushing food.
How is the Universal Numbering System organized for permanent teeth?
In the Universal Numbering System, the maxillary arch is numbered from right to left (1-16) and the mandibular arch from left to right (17-32).
How are deciduous teeth labeled in the Universal Numbering System?
In the Universal Numbering System, the maxillary arch is lettered from A to J and the mandibular arch from K to T.
What is the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) numbering system?
The FDI is a two-digit system where the first digit indicates the quadrant and the second digit indicates the tooth within the quadrant.
What is the Palmer Notation System?
The Palmer Notation System utilizes four brackets to denote each of the four quadrants, with permanent teeth numbered 1-8 and deciduous teeth lettered A-E.
What are dental surfaces?
Facial surfaces are those that face the cheeks or lips, labial surfaces are of anterior teeth that touch the lips, and buccal surfaces are of posterior teeth that contact the cheeks.
What are the surfaces facing the tongue called?
The surfaces facing the tongue are called lingual surfaces.
What does the occlusal surface refer to?
The occlusal surfaces of the premolars and molars come in contact with those of the opposing jaw and are involved in the chewing/grinding of food.
What are the mesial and distal surfaces?
Mesial surfaces are toward the median sagittal plane, and distal surfaces are away from the median sagittal plane.
What are the proximal or interproximal surfaces?
Proximal (or interproximal) surfaces face the adjoining teeth and can be called either mesial or distal.
What is enamel?
Enamel is the outer surface of the anatomical crown, composed mostly of hydroxyapatite and organized in the form of enamel rods.
What covers the outer surface of the anatomical root?
Cementum is the thin layer that covers the outer surface of the anatomical root.
What constitutes the largest portion of the tooth?
Dentin forms the largest portion of the tooth, covered by enamel on the anatomical crown and cementum on the root.
What does the pulp contain?
The pulp contains nerves, arterioles, venules, capillaries, lymph channels, connective tissue cells, odontoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, collagen, and fine fibers.
Where do the crown and root of the tooth join?
The crown and root join at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) or cervical line (CL).
What is the apex of the tooth?
The apex is the terminal end of the root.
What is the difference between the anatomic crown and clinical crown?
The anatomic crown is the part of the tooth covered by enamel, while the clinical crown is the part of the tooth that is visible in the oral cavity.
How are the crown and root divided for descriptive purposes?
For descriptive purposes, the crown and root are divided into thirds, horizontally for both and vertically for the crown.
What is the pulp cavity comprised of?
The pulp cavity is comprised of the pulp chamber (PCH) and pulpal canal (PC).
What are lobes in relation to tooth development?
Lobes are one of the primary sections of formation in the development of a crown, with cusps and mamelons representing lobes.
What is a mamelon?
A mamelon is any one of the three rounded protuberances found on the incisal edges of newly erupted incisors.
What is the cingulum?
The cingulum is the linguocervical ridge that is the lingual lobe of an anterior tooth.
What are the landmarks associated with the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)?
The CEJ is where the enamel meets the cementum of the tooth.
What is bifurcation of roots?
Bifurcation of roots (BI) is mostly seen in posterior teeth with multiple roots and designates the point where the tooth splits into separate roots.
What is a cusp tip?
The cusp tip (CU) is the most occlusal point of a posterior tooth's cusp.
What is a fissure?
A fissure is a crack-like fault seen as a narrow cleft or gap at the depth of any groove formed when the fusion of enamel remains incomplete during tooth development.
What is a developmental groove?
A developmental groove (DG) is a shallow groove or line between primary parts of the crown or root.
What is a pit in dental terms?
A pit (P) is a small pinpoint depression located at the junction of developmental grooves or at terminals of those grooves.
What are marginal ridges?
Marginal ridges (MR) are round borders of enamel that form the mesial and distal margins of the occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars.
What is a sulcus?
A sulcus (S) is a long V-shaped depression or valley in the surface of a tooth between ridges and cusps.
What is the significance of the sulcus in chewing?
A sulcus serves as an important escape way for food during chewing.
What is the Cingulum (CI)?
The Cingulum (CI) is a landmark found on the lingual surface of incisors.
What are Lingual fossae (LF)?
Lingual fossae (LF) are irregular depressions or concavities found on the lingual surface of incisors.
What is the Incisal ridge (IR)?
The Incisal ridge (IR) is the incisal most edge of the incisors.
What is the Marginal ridge (MR)?
The Marginal ridge (MR) refers to the mesial and distal margins of the lingual surfaces of incisors and canines.
What are Fossae?
Fossae are irregular depressions or concavities found on anterior and posterior teeth.
What are Central fossae (CF)?
Central fossae (CF) are found on the occlusal surface of molars and are formed by the convergence of ridges terminating at a central point in the bottom of the depression where there is a junction of grooves.
Where are Lingual fossae found?
Lingual fossae are found on the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.
What are Triangular fossae (TF)?
Triangular fossae (TF) are found on premolars and molars on the occlusal surface mesial or distal to the marginal ridges. They can sometimes be found on the lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors at the edge of the lingual fossae where the marginal ridges and cingulum meet.
What is the Oblique Ridge (OR)?
The Oblique Ridge (OR) is a ridge crossing obliquely the occlusal surfaces of MAXILLARY molars, formed by the union of the triangular ridge of the distobuccal (DB) cusp and the distal cusp ridge of the mesiolingual (ML) cusp.
What is a Cusp?
A Cusp (C) is an elevation or mound on the crown portion of a tooth, making up a divisional part of the occlusal surface, named by location.
What are the types of Cusp?
Types of Cusp include DBC, DLC, MLC, and MB.
What geometric shapes outline the crown of a tooth?
The crown forms within geometric outlines such as triangles, trapezoids, or rhomboids.
What outlines do anterior teeth have?
Anterior teeth have a triangular outline mesial or distal.
What outlines do posterior teeth have?
Posterior teeth have a trapezoid outline with the longest uneven side toward the occlusalincisal.
What is the outline of all posterior teeth from the mesial or distal aspect?
All posterior teeth from the mesial or distal aspect have a trapezoid outline with the shortest longest side toward the occlusal.
What is the outline of all mandibular posterior teeth from the mesial or distal aspect?
All mandibular posterior teeth from the mesial or distal aspect have a rhomboid outline.
What is a Line Angle?
A Line Angle is formed by the junction of two surfaces and is named by the two surfaces that join.
What are the Line Angles of the Anterior Teeth?
The Line Angles of the Anterior Teeth include Mesiolabial, Distolabial, Mesiolingual, Distolingual, Labioincisal, and Linguoincisal.
What are the Line Angles of the Posterior Teeth?
The Line Angles of the Posterior Teeth include Mesiobuccal, Distobuccal, Mesiolingual, Distolingual, Mesioocclusal, Distoocclusal, Buccoocclusal, and Linguoocclusal.
What is a Point Angle?
A Point Angle is formed by the junction of three surfaces and is named by the three surfaces that join.
What are the Point Angles of the Anterior Teeth?
The Point Angles of the Anterior Teeth include Mesiolabioincisal, Distolabioincisal, Mesiolingual, and Distolinguoincisal.
What are the Point Angles of the Posterior Teeth?
The Point Angles of the Posterior Teeth include Mesiobucco occlusal, Distobucco occlusal, Mesiolinguo occlusal, and Distolinguo occlusal.
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