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BI256 Overview
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BI256 Overview
Chordate Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What are the characteristics of a closed circulatory system?
Answer
Segmentation, if present, is restricted to the outer body wall, head, and tail, and does not extend into the coelom.
2
Question
What is the first chordate hallmark mentioned in the text?
Answer
Notochord: a flexible rodlike structure extending the length of the body, functioning as a hydrostatic organ and the axis for muscle attachment.
3
Question
How does the notochord facilitate movement in primitive chordates?
Answer
It bends without shortening, allowing undulatory body movement, akin to hydraulic pressure locomotion like fish swimming side to side.
4
Question
Describe the characteristics of the dorsal nerve cord as a chordate hallmark.
Answer
It is always dorsal to the gastrointestinal tract, initially tubular and hollow in most invertebrates, and enlarged at the anterior end to form the brain in most chordates.
5
Question
What structures are formed by pharyngeal slits in chordates?
Answer
Pharyngeal slits give rise to structures such as the Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, tonsils, and parathyroid glands. In aquatic chordates, they form internal gills.
6
Question
What is the function of the endostyle in chordates?
Answer
The endostyle secretes mucus to trap food particles in the pharyngeal cavity, serving as an efficient filter feeding apparatus and precursor to the thyroid gland in lamprey and vertebrates.
7
Question
What structures trap food inside the pharynx of amphioxus?
Answer
Sheets of mucus
8
Question
Where do the mucus nets converge in amphioxus?
Answer
On the dorsal side
9
Question
How is the mucus in amphioxus rolled into a cord and passed posterior to the esophagus?
Answer
Converging mucus nets roll the mucus into a cord
10
Question
Where do amphioxus live?
Answer
In sandy bottoms of coastal waters around the world
11
Question
How long are amphioxus typically?
Answer
About 5-7 cm long
12
Question
How many species of amphioxus are described?
Answer
25 species
13
Question
What is the head of amphioxus described as in adults?
Answer
Having all hallmarks of Subphylum Cephalochordates (Lancelets, Branchiostoma, Amphioxus)
14
Question
What are some structural features of amphioxus that resemble the vertebrate plan?
Answer
Hepatic cecum resembling the vertebrate pancreas, digestive enzymes and hormones, segmented trunk musculature, myomeres arranged in chevrons, dorsal and ventral aorta, and branchial aortic arches
15
Question
What are the two embryonic innovations that led to the development of the vertebrate head and special sense organs?
Answer
Neural crest and ectodermal placodes
16
Question
What are neural crest cells and where do they move during early development?
Answer
Neural crest cells are cells that leave the nerve cord and move through the body to form important nerves, neural ganglia, and head and facial features
17
Question
What are ectodermal placodes and what do they form?
Answer
Ectodermal placodes are platelike ectodermal thickenings that form sensory organs or receptors and are anatomically distinct from neural crest cells
18
Question
What are the characteristics of Subphylum Vertebrata in terms of Hox Genes?
Answer
Vertebrates have four clusters of Hox genes on four separate chromosomes, which have arisen by two genome duplication events.
19
Question
What role do Hox Genes play in vertebrates?
Answer
They may play a key role in the evolutionary diversity that characterizes vertebrates, and gene duplication could be the primary mechanism for the evolution of complexity in higher organisms.
20
Question
What are the chief diagnostic features of chordates according to Subphylum Vertebrata characteristics?
Answer
Notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, endostyle or thyroid gland, and postanal tail are all present at some stage of the life cycle.
21
Question
Describe the characteristics of the vertebrate endoskeleton.
Answer
It consists of a vertebral column and a cranium.
22
Question
What is the structure of the vertebrate circulatory system?
Answer
It consists of a multichambered ventral heart, closed blood vessel system, paired aortic arches, and blood containing erythrocytes with hemoglobin.
23
Question
What is the excretory system of vertebrates like?
Answer
It consists of paired glomerular kidneys provided with ducts to drain waste to the cloaca.
24
Question
What is the integument of vertebrates composed of?
Answer
It has two divisions - an outer epidermis of stratified epithelium and an inner dermis of connective tissue, with many modifications such as skin glands, scales, feathers, claws, horns, and hair.
25
Question
What embryonic innovations in vertebrates resulted in the development of the head and special sense organs?
Answer
NEURAL CREST and ECTODERMAL PLACODES are two vertebrate embryonic innovations that led to the vertebrate head and special sense organs, respectively.
26
Question
What is the structure of the vertebrate brain like?
Answer
It is highly differentiated and consists of 10-12 pairs of cranial nerves, spinal nerves for each primitive myotome, and paired special sense organs derived from ectodermal placodes.
27
Question
What is the reproductive system of most vertebrates like?
Answer
Most vertebrates have separate sexes, each containing gonads with ducts that discharge their products either into the cloaca or into special openings near the anus.
28
Question
What are the 5 hallmarks of chordates?
Answer
Notochord, Dorsal nerve chord, Pharyngeal grooves/pouches/slits, Endostyle/Thyroid gland, Post-anal tail
Ecdysozoa Flashcards
Study
1
Question
How many species may exist according to the text?
Answer
Million species may exist.
2
Question
Where can nematode parasites be found?
Answer
Nematode parasites are found in nearly all animal and plant species.
3
Question
What do freeliving nematodes feed on?
Answer
Freeliving nematodes feed on bacteria, yeasts, fungal hyphae, and algae.
4
Question
What do predatory nematodes eat?
Answer
Predatory nematodes eat rotifers, tardigrades, small annelids, and other nematodes.
5
Question
What is the importance of nematodes in the soil food web?
Answer
Nematodes are important as food for mites, insects, larvae, and nematode-eating fungi.
6
Question
What is the function of the layers of crisscrossing collagen in nematodes?
Answer
Providing elasticity but restricting lateral expansion to allow for hydrostatic pressure when fluid is exerted from pseudocoelom.
7
Question
What is the hydrostatic skeleton in nematodes composed of?
Answer
A non-compressible fluid enclosed and pressurized in a body cavity.
8
Question
How do nematodes achieve movement through muscle contractions?
Answer
Longitudinal muscles contract in groups producing local shortening.
9
Question
Why is the pseudocoelomic fluid in nematodes considered incompressible?
Answer
To allow for the internal pressure to increase and stretch muscle cells in different parts of the body.
10
Question
How do the dorsal and ventral longitudinal musculature in nematodes act during locomotion?
Answer
They act as antagonists, producing sinusoidal waves along the length of the nematode's body.
11
Question
What is the outer layer of roundworms called?
Answer
Cuticle
12
Question
What is the noncellular outer layer of roundworms secreted by the underlying epidermis called?
Answer
Hypodermis
13
Question
Where are the nuclei located in the hypodermis of roundworms?
Answer
In four hypodermal cords projecting inward
14
Question
What are the longitudinal nerves associated with the dorsal and ventral hypodermal cords in roundworms?
Answer
Dorsal and ventral nerves
15
Question
What do the lateral cords in roundworms contain?
Answer
Excretory canals
16
Question
How many layers of crisscrossing collagen does the cuticle of roundworms have?
Answer
Three layers
17
Question
What is the function of the collagen in the cuticle of roundworms?
Answer
Provides elasticity but restricts lateral expansion
18
Question
What type of skeleton do roundworms have that is based on hydrostatic pressure?
Answer
Hydrostatic skeleton
19
Question
What is the fluid enclosed and pressurized in the body cavity of roundworms called?
Answer
Pseudocoelomic fluid
20
Question
How many fields of longitudinal muscles do roundworms have for locomotion?
Answer
Four fields
21
Question
How do the longitudinal muscles of roundworms contract for locomotion?
Answer
They contract in groups producing local shortening
22
Question
What happens to the muscle cells in roundworms when the internal pressure increases due to the incompressible pseudocoelomic fluid?
Answer
They stretch in another part of the body
23
Question
What type of waves are produced along the length of a nematode's body during locomotion?
Answer
Sinusoidal waves
24
Question
What acts as antagonists in the locomotion of nematodes by producing sinusoidal waves along the length of the body?
Answer
The dorsal and ventral longitudinal musculature
25
Question
What are the economic importance categories of nematodes?
Answer
Medical (humans), companion animals, livestock, and crops
26
Question
What is a characteristic of nematodes regarding their migrations within vertebrate hosts?
Answer
Extensive migrations
27
Question
Do parasitic nematodes attain greater sizes than non-parasitic ones?
Answer
Yes
28
Question
What is a characteristic of nematodes regarding their reproductive capacities?
Answer
Enormous reproductive capacities
29
Question
What are the two strategies used by nematode parasites?
Answer
Direct (single host) and Indirect (additional intermediate hosts)
30
Question
Where are nematode eggs or larvae typically found?
Answer
In feces or urine
Arthropoda 1 Flashcards
Study
1
Question
How was the soft cuticle of arthropod ancestors stiffened?
Answer
Deposition
2
Question
What are some characteristics of Arthropoda?
Answer
- Suit of Armor - Efficient gas exchange systems particularly in terrestrial forms - Highly developed sense organs - Complex behavior patterns - Metamorphosis resulting in less competition for resources
3
Question
How many species of arthropods have been recorded to date?
Answer
Approximately 1,100,000 species
4
Question
What is the range of sizes for arthropods?
Answer
Sizes range from the giant Japanese crab with a four-meter leg span to the small 0.1 mm long follicle mite, generally less than 60 cm in size.
5
Question
What are some adaptations of arthropods for varied habitats and modes of feeding?
Answer
Arthropods have adaptations to live on land, in the sea, in the air, and as parasites. They have varied modes of feeding ranging from carnivory, herbivory, to omnivory.
6
Question
What are some reasons for the success, abundance, and diversity of arthropods?
Answer
1) Exoskeleton for protection against desiccation, 2) Tagmatization for specific functions in different body regions, 3) Efficient gas exchange systems, 4) Highly developed sense organs, 5) Complex behavior patterns, 6) Metamorphosis reducing competition for resources.
7
Question
What is chitin and how does it contribute to arthropod characteristics?
Answer
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose. It stiffens the soft cuticle of arthropod ancestors, forming a hardened exoskeleton that offers protection, muscle attachment sites, and improves locomotion and flight.
8
Question
How do arthropods typically grow in size?
Answer
Arthropods typically molt several times, with mass limits determining their final body size.
9
Question
What is the exoskeleton of arthropods compared to?
Answer
The exoskeleton of arthropods is compared to a suit of armor, providing protection and support.
10
Question
What type of muscles do arthropods have for attachment to their exoskeleton?
Answer
Arthropods have complex muscular systems with striated muscles for rapid actions and smooth muscles for visceral organs.
11
Question
Do arthropods have cilia for movement?
Answer
Arthropods do not have cilia for movement.
12
Question
What are some distinctive features of arthropods' anatomy?
Answer
Segmentation and appendages are distinctive features of arthropods' anatomy.
13
Question
What is the process called that stabilizes and hardens the protein layers in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans?
Answer
Sclerotization tanning
14
Question
What are the two layers of the procuticle in insects and crustaceans, and what are they made of?
Answer
Exocuticle secreted before a molt and endocuticle secreted after molting. They contain chitin bound with protein that is insoluble in water, mild acids, and alkalis.
15
Question
What is the function of the procuticle in insects and crustaceans?
Answer
The procuticle is lightweight and flexible while providing protection against dehydration, biological, and physical stresses.
16
Question
How does the composition of chitin in the procuticle vary between insects and crustaceans?
Answer
In insects, chitin makes up about 50% of the procuticle, while in crustaceans, it ranges from 60-80%. Some areas in crustaceans also have calcium salts for increased strength but reduced flexibility.
17
Question
What are apodemes in crustaceans and insects, and what is their function?
Answer
Apodemes are ingrowths in the cuticle that serve as attachment points for muscles, similar to tendons. They support movement and also line the foregut, hindgut, tracheae, mouthparts, sensory organs, copulatory organs, and serve ornamental purposes.
18
Question
What is ecdysis or molting, and what is its purpose in arthropods?
Answer
Ecdysis is the process of shedding the outer covering and growing a new, larger one. It allows arthropods to grow, as they typically molt several times, with body size limited by mass.
19
Question
What are the characteristics of the muscular system in arthropods?
Answer
Arthropods have a complex muscular system with the exoskeleton for attachment. They have striated muscles for rapid actions and smooth muscles for visceral organs, lacking cilia.
20
Question
Describe the pattern of segmentation and appendages in arthropods for efficient locomotion.
Answer
Arthropods have a primitive pattern of a linear series of similar segments with jointed appendages. Many segments may be fused into specialized groups called tagmata, with appendages differentiated and specialized for various functions like food sensing, handling, walking, or swimming.
21
Question
What are the excretory organs called in some organisms with maxillary glands?
Answer
Malpighian tubules
22
Question
What is the respiratory system like in these organisms?
Answer
Similar to that of annelids
23
Question
How is the nervous system structured in these organisms?
Answer
Similar to annelids with a dorsal brain connected by a ring around the gullet to a double nerve chain of ventral ganglion fusion of ganglion in some species
24
Question
Are the sensory organs well-developed in these organisms?
Answer
Yes, they have highly developed sensory organs
25
Question
How do the behavioral patterns of these organisms compare to other invertebrates?
Answer
Behavioral patterns are much more complex with wider occurrence of social organization like bees and ants
26
Question
What are some of the sensory structures in these organisms?
Answer
Eyes (vary from simple light-sensitive ocelli to a compound mosaic eye), touch, smell, hearing, balancing, and chemical reception
27
Question
What are arthropods?
Answer
Arthropods are ecdysozoan protostomes in the clade Panarthropoda.
28
Question
How are groupings among arthropod subphyla now based on?
Answer
Groupings among subphyla are now based on molecular data, which conflicts with traditional classifications.
29
Question
What is the subphylum that insects belong to according to molecular evidence?
Answer
Insects are now classified under the subphylum Hexapoda, while others are under the subphylum Myriapoda within the group Uniramia.
30
Question
What is the Mandibulate hypothesis in arthropod classification?
Answer
The Mandibulate hypothesis suggests that myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans are more closely related due to a shared mouthpart, the mandible, forming the clade Mandibulata.
Crustacean Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What are the two main types of limbs found in crustaceans?
Answer
Exopod and Endopod
2
Question
Why do we like to eat crustaceans?
Answer
Because their bodies have a major portion of striated muscles
3
Question
How are muscles arranged in crustaceans?
Answer
Most muscles are arranged as antagonistic groups with flexors drawing limb toward the body and extensors straightening a limb out
4
Question
What do the abdominal flexors of a crayfish allow it to do?
Answer
Swim backward to escape predators with a strong burst of speed
5
Question
What is a significant component of the crustacean body in terms of muscles?
Answer
Striated muscles
6
Question
What are the basic parts of a crustacean appendage?
Answer
Basis, coxa, lateral exopod, medial endopod, exite, gill, epipod
7
Question
What is the variation in the basic plan of crustacean appendages?
Answer
Walking legs become secondarily uniramous, Malacostraca and Remipedia have paired appendages on the abdomen (swimmerets) while other classes typically do not
8
Question
What is serial homology in crustaceans?
Answer
A condition where many biramous appendages are homologous to each other but may have been modified to have different functions
9
Question
How has structural evolution altered the ancestral limbs of crustaceans?
Answer
Ancestral limbs were all similar, but structural evolution has altered many parts with some lost, many gained, and others changed
10
Question
What are the characteristics of the crustacean muscular system?
Answer
Striated muscles make up a major portion of the crustacean body. Most muscles are arranged as antagonistic groups, with flexors drawing the limb toward the body and extensors straightening a limb out. Abdominal flexors of a crayfish allow it to swim backward to escape predators with a strong burst of speed
11
Question
What is the chief propulsive organ for the hemolymph in crustaceans?
Answer
Single-chambered sac of striated muscle
12
Question
Where is hemolymph pumped from for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in crustaceans?
Answer
Afferent sternal sinus to the gills
13
Question
What is the function of valves in the arteries of crustaceans?
Answer
Prevent backflow of hemolymph to the sinuses
14
Question
What is the role of small arteries in crustaceans' circulatory system?
Answer
Empty into tissue sinuses which discharge into the large sternal sinus
15
Question
How do crustaceans regulate the ionic and osmotic composition of body fluids?
Answer
Mainly through excretion of salts and amino acids
16
Question
What do predators consume in the water?
Answer
Predators consume larvae, worms, crustaceans, snails, and fishes.
17
Question
What do scavengers eat in the water?
Answer
Scavengers eat dead animal and plant matter.
18
Question
What are some interesting adaptations for killing prey?
Answer
Interesting adaptations for killing prey include specialized feeding structures and hunting behaviors.
19
Question
What is the Class of the crustacean group that includes mussel shrimp or seed shrimp?
Answer
The crustacean group is Class Ostracoda.
20
Question
How many known species of mussel shrimp or seed shrimp are there worldwide?
Answer
There are 6000 known species of mussel shrimp or seed shrimp worldwide.
21
Question
How long is the bivalve carapace that encloses most Ostracoda species?
Answer
The bivalve carapace ranges from 0.25 to 80 mm long.
22
Question
How do most Ostracoda species feed and move?
Answer
Feeding and locomotion in most Ostracoda species are mostly done by head appendages.
23
Question
Where are most Ostracoda species found in their habitat?
Answer
Most Ostracoda species are benthic or climb on plants, but some are planktonic and burrowing while others are parasitic.
24
Question
How do Ostracoda species develop?
Answer
Ostracoda species develop by gradual metamorphosis.
25
Question
What is ecdysis?
Answer
Ecdysis is the process of shedding the outer layer of skin or exoskeleton in arthropods and other invertebrates.
26
Question
What is ecdysone used for in the ecdysis process?
Answer
Ecdysone is only needed to initiate ecdysis, which then proceeds on its own.
27
Question
What are mandibles and maxillae used for in feeding habits?
Answer
Mandibles and maxillae are used for ingestion, while maxillipeds hold and crush food.
28
Question
How do suspension feeders feed on food sources like plankton, detritus, and bacteria?
Answer
Suspension feeders generate water currents to feed on plankton, detritus, and bacteria. They use setae on their legs to strain food from the water.
29
Question
What do predators in the ecosystem consume?
Answer
Predators consume larvae, worms, crustaceans, snails, and fishes. They have interesting adaptations for killing prey.
30
Question
What are scavengers in the ecosystem known for eating?
Answer
Scavengers eat dead animal and plant matter to decompose them.
Arthropoda 2 Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is the Subphylum of organisms with claws, fangs, poison glands, or stingers but no antenna or mandibles?
Answer
Chelicerata
2
Question
How many species are in Subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
40,000
3
Question
How are the cephalothorax and abdomen joined in organisms of Subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
By a slender pedicel
4
Question
What are the anterior appendages in Subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
A pair of chelicerae with terminal fangs
5
Question
What are the sensory functions of pedipalps in Subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
Used by males to transfer sperm
6
Question
What are the basal parts of pedipalps used for in Subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
To handle food
7
Question
How many pairs of walking legs do organisms in Subphylum Chelicerata have?
Answer
4
8
Question
What do chelicerae do in organisms of Subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
Seize prey, inject venom, and feed by injecting digestive juices into prey to liquefy
9
Question
What is the feeding process of organisms in Subphylum Chelicerata after injecting digestive juices into prey?
Answer
Sucking up broth into its stomach
10
Question
What is the Order of organisms that include spiders?
Answer
Araneae
11
Question
What are living fossils called that include horseshoe crabs?
Answer
Xiphosurids
12
Question
How many extant species of horseshoe crabs are there?
Answer
5
13
Question
What covers the body of xiphosurids in front of a broad abdomen and a long telson tail?
Answer
Unsegmented shield or carapace
14
Question
How many pairs of walking legs does the cephalothorax of xiphosurids have?
Answer
5
15
Question
What are the respiratory organs of xiphosurids?
Answer
Book gills
16
Question
What do xiphosurids use for swimming?
Answer
Opercula
17
Question
In which subphylum do xiphosurids belong?
Answer
Chelicerata
18
Question
How many species are there in the class Arachnida under subphylum Chelicerata?
Answer
More than 80,000
19
Question
Where are arachnids more common?
Answer
Warm, dry regions
20
Question
Which arachnids were the first to move on land?
Answer
Scorpions
21
Question
What are the anterior appendages of arachnids used for?
Answer
Pair of chelicerae with terminal fangs
22
Question
What are the pedipalps of arachnids used for?
Answer
Sensory functions and transferring sperm
23
Question
How many pairs of walking legs do arachnids have?
Answer
4
24
Question
What do chelicerae of arachnids do to prey?
Answer
Seize prey, inject venom, and feed by injecting digestive juices to liquefy prey
25
Question
Which order do spiders belong to?
Answer
Araneae
Hexapoda Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What are the characteristics of land beetles in terms of their appearance?
Answer
Thick and shielded
2
Question
How are aquatic beetles described in comparison to land beetles?
Answer
Streamlined
3
Question
What is the physical appearance of walking sticks that allows them to camouflage on branches?
Answer
Long and slender
4
Question
Why are cockroaches flat in shape?
Answer
To live in crevices
5
Question
Which insect has the broadest wings of all insects?
Answer
Butterflies
6
Question
What is the scientific classification of insects with an exoskeleton composed of complex plates or sclerites connected by flexible hinge joints?
Answer
Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta
7
Question
What provides rigidity to the exoskeleton of insects and allows for precise movement?
Answer
Scleroproteins
8
Question
What is the importance of chitin in the composition of the insect's cuticle?
Answer
Chitin is an important component of the cuticle, although rigidity is mainly due to scleroproteins
9
Question
How does the lightweight and waterproof exoskeleton of insects benefit them in comparison to crustaceans?
Answer
Allows for flight
10
Question
What is the main material that provides waterproofing and lightweight properties to the insect's exoskeleton?
Answer
Scleroproteins
11
Question
What type of joints connect the complex plates or sclerites in an insect's exoskeleton?
Answer
Flexible hinge joints
12
Question
What allows muscles to attach to the sclerites in an insect's exoskeleton, enabling precise movement?
Answer
Flexible hinge joints
13
Question
What allows for the flexibility and movement in an insect's exoskeleton?
Answer
Muscles attaching to the sclerites through flexible hinge joints
14
Question
What is the overall term used to describe the external form and function of insects?
Answer
Insecta External Form and Function
15
Question
What is the main difference in material composition between the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans?
Answer
Rigidity of exoskeleton is due to scleroproteins in insects, not chitin as in crustaceans
16
Question
What are the characteristics of Order Diptera?
Answer
True flies, lost wings, contracted muscles, tergal articulations
17
Question
What muscle contraction provides force for the upstroke in Diptera flies?
Answer
Dorsoventral sternotergal muscle contraction
18
Question
What muscle relaxation and contraction provides force for the downstroke in Diptera flies?
Answer
Dorsoventral sternotergal muscle relaxation and longitudinal muscle contraction
19
Question
What are the characteristics of Order Odonta Orthoptera?
Answer
Dragonflies, locusts, indirect flight muscles, dorsoventral sternotergal indirect muscle contraction
20
Question
What provides force for the upstroke in Odonta Orthoptera flies?
Answer
Dorsoventral sternotergal indirect muscle contraction
21
Question
What provides force for the downstroke in Odonta Orthoptera flies?
Answer
Direct flight muscles attached to part of the wing itself
22
Question
How many pairs of wings do most flying insects have?
Answer
Most flying insects have two pairs of wings.
23
Question
What is unique about the wings of Diptera (true flies)?
Answer
Diptera (true flies) have only one pair of wings.
24
Question
What are halteres and what is their function in flies?
Answer
Halteres are reduced wings that provide the fly with balance during flight.
25
Question
Which insects are wingless?
Answer
Non-reproductive ants, termites, lice, and fleas are wingless.
26
Question
What provides the force for the upstroke in the flight of true flies (Order Diptera)?
Answer
Dorsoventral sternotergal muscle contraction pulls the tergum towards the sternum, providing force for the upstroke.
27
Question
What provides the force for the downstroke in the flight of true flies (Order Diptera)?
Answer
Dorsoventral sternotergal muscle relaxation and longitudinal muscle contraction arches the tergum, providing force for the downstroke.
28
Question
What is the flight musculature like in dragonflies and locusts (Order Odonta, Orthoptera)?
Answer
They have direct flight muscles attached to part of the wing itself, providing direct force for the downstroke.
29
Question
How does the dorsoventral sternotergal indirect muscle contraction provide force for the upstroke in the flight of dragonflies and locusts?
Answer
Dorsoventral sternotergal indirect muscle contraction provides force for the upstroke in the flight of dragonflies and locusts, as before.
30
Question
What structures branch out from the trachea in insects for gas exchange?
Answer
Tracheoles
Echinoderm and Hemichordate Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What are dermal branchiae?
Answer
Projections of the coelomic cavity covered with epidermis and lined with peritoneum.
2
Question
How does gas exchange occur in starfish?
Answer
Across podia and dermal branchiae papulae.
3
Question
Describe the ciliary action in starfish for moving fluids.
Answer
Moves fluids in the opposite direction countercurrent.
4
Question
What are the external features of a starfish?
Answer
Central disc with tapering arms, flattened and flexible body with pigmented and ciliated epidermis, mouth on the oral surface, ambulacrum running from mouth to arm tips, usually 5 arms, ambulacral groove bordered by rows of tube feet.
5
Question
What class does a starfish belong to?
Answer
Asteroidea.
6
Question
What prevents the loss of hydrostatic pressure in the water vascular system of sea stars?
Answer
One-way valve between lateral canal and foot
7
Question
What is the structure of the feeding and digestive system in sea stars?
Answer
Mouth leading to short esophagus and large central stomach, lower cardiac part of stomach can be everted during feeding, upper stomach is smaller and connected to pyloric cecae in each arm, short intestine leads to intestinal cecae and anus
8
Question
What type of feeders are most sea stars?
Answer
Carnivorous
9
Question
What is the class of sea cucumbers?
Answer
Holothuroidea
10
Question
What is the chief gas exchange organ of holothuroids?
Answer
Respiratory Tree
11
Question
Where are the ambulacral regions with tube feet often restricted to?
Answer
Ventral surface sole
12
Question
Where is the closed madreporite located in sea cucumbers?
Answer
Internal
13
Question
What is the water vascular system in sea cucumbers filled with?
Answer
Coelomic fluid
14
Question
Where are the ossicles embedded within in sea cucumbers?
Answer
Test
15
Question
What are the tentacles of sea cucumbers called?
Answer
Buccal podia
16
Question
What are the oral and aboral surfaces of sea cucumbers covered with?
Answer
Tentacles
17
Question
What are the cloacal muscles responsible for in sea cucumbers?
Answer
Contracting cloacal dilation
18
Question
How does water enter the respiratory tree of sea cucumbers?
Answer
Through the anus
19
Question
What happens when the anal sphincter closes in sea cucumbers during gas exchange?
Answer
Cloaca contracts
20
Question
What is the purpose of several short inhalations in sea cucumbers during gas exchange?
Answer
To fill the respiratory tree
21
Question
How is the respiratory tree of sea cucumbers emptied during gas exchange?
Answer
One long exhalation with contraction of the tree
22
Question
What are Cuverian threads involved in for sea cucumbers?
Answer
Excretion
23
Question
What is the respiratory system of acorn worms called?
Answer
Metanephridium
24
Question
How do acorn worms connect their pharynx with the outside environment?
Answer
Through gill slits
25
Question
What is the circulatory system of acorn worms composed of?
Answer
Dorsal and ventral vessels and a dorsal heart
26
Question
What is the larval form of acorn worms called?
Answer
Tornaria larvae
27
Question
Are the sexes of acorn worms separate or hermaphroditic?
Answer
Separate
28
Question
How is fertilization carried out in acorn worms?
Answer
Externally
29
Question
What is a unique larval development process observed in some acorn worm species?
Answer
Development of a ciliated tornaria larva similar to that of echinoderm larvae
30
Question
What class do acorn worms belong to?
Answer
Enteropneusta
Chordate Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What structures do pouches in the ectoderm give rise to in amniotes?
Answer
Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, tonsils, parathyroid glands
2
Question
What structures do pouches in the endodermal lining of the pharynx give rise to in amniotes?
Answer
Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, tonsils, parathyroid glands
3
Question
What structures do pouches in aquatic chordates form?
Answer
Internal gills
4
Question
What are the chordate hallmarks related to the Endostyle and Thyroid Gland?
Answer
1. Endostyle recently acknowledged as a chordate hallmark 2. Secretes mucus that traps food particles in pharyngeal cavity for efficient filter feeding apparatus
5
Question
What is the first part of the endoskeleton to appear in the embryo?
Answer
Primitive chordates
6
Question
What remains throughout life in primitive chordates and allows for undulatory body movement?
Answer
Axis for muscle attachment
7
Question
What structure is always dorsal to the GI tract and initially tubular and hollow in most invertebrate phyla?
Answer
Dorsal nerve cord
8
Question
In most chordates, what is the anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord enlarged to form?
Answer
Brain
9
Question
In vertebrates, what does the nerve cord pass through for protection?
Answer
Neural arches of the vertebrae
10
Question
What encloses the brain in vertebrates, providing protection?
Answer
Protective bony or cartilaginous cranium
11
Question
What are pharyngeal slits openings that lead from the pharyngeal cavity to the outside formed by?
Answer
Pharyngeal grooves and pouches
12
Question
In amniotes, which structures arise from the pharyngeal pouches?
Answer
Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, tonsils, parathyroid glands
13
Question
What is the function of the endostyle in chordates?
Answer
Secretes mucus that traps food particles in the pharyngeal cavity for efficient filter feeding
14
Question
What do some cells within the endostyle secrete, which are iodine-rich proteins?
Answer
Iodine-rich proteins
15
Question
What is the precursor of the thyroid gland in lamprey and vertebrates?
Answer
Endostyle
16
Question
Where do pharyngeal grooves pocket in the ectoderm?
Answer
In pocketing of the ectoderm
17
Question
Where do pharyngeal pouches outpocket in the endodermal lining of the pharynx?
Answer
Outpocketing of the endodermal lining of the pharynx
18
Question
In which animals do internal gills form in aquatic chordates?
Answer
Aquatic chordates
19
Question
In which animals do endostyles occur among all chordates but not in any other animals?
Answer
All chordates
20
Question
What are the two continuous sheets that secrete mucous around the inside of the pharynx in cephalochordates?
Answer
Mucus nets
21
Question
Where do the mucus nets converge in cephalochordates?
Answer
Dorsal side
22
Question
What happens to the mucus when it is converged on the dorsal side in cephalochordates?
Answer
Rolled into a cord and passed posterior to the esophagus
23
Question
What is another name for cephalochordates?
Answer
Lancelets
24
Question
What is another term for Amphioxus in cephalochordates?
Answer
Branchiostoma
25
Question
How do lancelets or amphioxus appear physically?
Answer
Slender, laterally flattened, translucent animals about 5-7 cm long
26
Question
Where do lancelets or amphioxus live?
Answer
In sandy bottoms of coastal waters around the world
27
Question
How many species of amphioxus are described?
Answer
25
28
Question
What structural features in amphioxus resemble those of vertebrates?
Answer
Hepatic cecum, digestive enzymes and hormones, segmented trunk musculature (myomeres), dorsal and ventral aorta, branchial aortic arches
29
Question
What is the purpose of a chambered heart in vertebrates?
Answer
To pump blood around the body.
30
Question
What is the function of erythrocytes in vertebrates?
Answer
To contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
Fishes Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What class do hagfish belong to?
Answer
Class Myxini
2
Question
What are some characteristics of hagfish?
Answer
- Barbels surrounding the mouth - Degenerate eyes, blind - Lives in the dark - Poorly developed lateral line system - 1 to 14 gill openings along the side of the body - Series of pores - Caudal fin present, but no paired fins or dorsal fin - Water intake through a single nostril connected to the pharynx - Separate internal gill openings - Poorly developed cranium, no vertebrae - Recent evidence of primitive vertebrae in early life history stages
3
Question
What do hagfish feed on?
Answer
Soft-bodied invertebrates and dead or dying large organisms
4
Question
What are some feeding characteristics of hagfish?
Answer
- Mouth with tongue - Four rows of keratinized teeth - Form knots while feeding
5
Question
What is the plasma Na+ concentration in millimoles per liter for lamprey in seawater?
Answer
450 mmol/L
6
Question
What is the plasma Na+ concentration in millimoles per liter for lamprey in freshwater?
Answer
120 mmol/L
7
Question
What is the osmolarity in mosmol per liter for lamprey plasma in seawater?
Answer
1000 mosmol/L
8
Question
What is the osmolarity in mosmol per liter for lamprey plasma in freshwater?
Answer
270 mosmol/L
9
Question
What is the appearance and life habit of ammocoete larva in the class Petromyzontida (lampreys)?
Answer
Quite similar to the lancelet; filter feeders with chambered heart and tripartite brain
10
Question
What are the differences between lampreys and lancelets in the class Petromyzontida?
Answer
Lampreys have a feeding current produced by muscular pumping of the pharynx, chambered heart, tripartite brain, seven pairs of pharyngeal pouches, gill filaments, true liver, gallbladder, and pancreatic tissue
11
Question
What are some of the species impacted by the decline in Lamprey populations?
Answer
Rainbow trout, whitefish, lake herring, chubs, and other species
12
Question
What were the causes of the decline in Lamprey populations?
Answer
Depletion of food and control measures like chemical lampricide in spawning streams, barriers, and traps
13
Question
What are the characteristics of Superclass Gnathostomata?
Answer
1. Jaws present (Gr. gnathos = jaw, stomata = mouth) 2. Paired appendages present (loss in a few forms) 3. Three pairs of semicircular canals of the inner ear
14
Question
What is the characteristic of Infraclass Gnathostomata regarding the notochord?
Answer
Notochord partly or completely replaced by centra of the vertebrae (ns = neural spine, na = neural arch, c = centrum, ha = hemal arch, hs = hemal spine)
15
Question
What is the class of organisms with the following characteristics: Endoskeleton entirely cartilaginous, notochord persistent but reduced, vertebrae complete and separate?
Answer
Chondrichthyes
16
Question
How do organisms in the class Chondrichthyes respire?
Answer
By means of five to seven pairs of gills leading to exposed gill slits
17
Question
What is lacking in organisms of the class Chondrichthyes that aids in buoyancy control in other fish?
Answer
Swim bladder or lung
18
Question
What are some features of the digestive system in organisms of the class Chondrichthyes?
Answer
J-shaped stomach, intestine with a spiral valve, often with a large oil-filled liver for buoyancy
19
Question
What type of circulation does the heart in organisms of the class Chondrichthyes have?
Answer
Single circulation
20
Question
What are the three pairs of semicircular canals in fish related to?
Answer
Vibration reception
21
Question
What is the lateral line system in fish responsible for?
Answer
Senses of smell and vibration reception
22
Question
What are ampullae of Lorenzini related to in fish?
Answer
Electroreception
23
Question
How do fish reproduce?
Answer
Sexes separate, with gonads, paired reproductive ducts, and opening into cloaca. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous.
24
Question
What are Agnathans in the context of fish classification?
Answer
Jawless fish
25
Question
What are Gnathostomes in the context of fish classification?
Answer
Jawed vertebrates
26
Question
What is unique about Chondrichthyans' endoskeleton?
Answer
Cartilaginous endoskeleton
27
Question
What type of scales do Chondrichthyans have?
Answer
Placoid scales
28
Question
What is the function of urea in Chondrichthyans?
Answer
It serves as an osmolyte for osmoregulation
29
Question
How do Chondrichthyans regulate salt in their bodies?
Answer
Through rectal gland salt secretion for osmoregulation
30
Question
What is the primary method of osmoregulation in Hagfishes?
Answer
Osmoconformer
Amphibian Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What structures are connected to the pharynx in terrestrial vertebrates?
Answer
Bony elements of paired fins and bony elements of fins of lobe-finned fishes resemble homologous structures of amphibians.
2
Question
What is the function of the air-filled cavity in terrestrial vertebrates?
Answer
On land, the air-filled cavity functions as a swim bladder and is used to draw in oxygen-rich air through the nares.
3
Question
What is the function of the paired internal nares in terrestrial vertebrates?
Answer
The paired internal nares function in chemoreception.
4
Question
What are some adaptations for life on land in terrestrial vertebrates?
Answer
Skull, teeth, pectoral girdle, jointed limbs, stronger backbone, muscles to support the body in air, muscles to elevate the head, stronger shoulder and hip girdles, more protective rib cage, and modified ear structure to detect airborne sounds.
5
Question
What are some adaptations for air breathing in terrestrial vertebrates?
Answer
Increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity, double circulation to direct deoxygenated blood into the lungs and oxygenated blood out of the lungs to other body tissues, and evolved adaptations to air breathing.
6
Question
How do early tetrapods differ from fish in terms of anatomy for life on land?
Answer
Early tetrapods have a stronger backbone, muscles to support the body in air, muscles to elevate the head, stronger shoulder and hip girdles, a more protective rib cage, modified ear structure to detect airborne sounds, foreshortening of the skull, and a longer snout.
7
Question
What facilitated the diversification of tetrapods in the Carboniferous period?
Answer
The warm wet climate and swampy landscape facilitated the diversification of tetrapods in the Carboniferous period 250-300 MYA.
8
Question
What are some characteristics of modern amphibians?
Answer
Over 6000 living species are known in the three amphibian orders, they have a transition from water to land in both their ontogeny and phylogeny, metamorphosed adults use a redesigned olfactory epithelium to sense airborne odors, and the ear detects sounds contrast lateral line in fishes.
9
Question
Why are terrestrial forms of amphibians restricted to moist habitats?
Answer
Terrestrial forms of amphibians are restricted to moist habitats because their thin skin loses water rapidly.
10
Question
What type of body temperature regulation do amphibians have?
Answer
Amphibians are ectotherms, and their body temperature depends on the environment, restricting their range.
11
Question
What are some features of amphibian respiration?
Answer
Lungs are present from birth and become functional following metamorphosis. Respiratory gases may also be exchanged across the vascularized lining of the mouth cavity (buccal breathing). Frog skin and capillaries are important for gas exchange. Some adult amphibians lack lungs as adults or use lungs for buoyancy control rather than respiration. Skin may be highly vascularized with folds to increase surface area.
12
Question
How is gas exchange facilitated in amphibians?
Answer
Gas exchange in amphibians is facilitated by a continuous flow of water across the skin. In still water, animals often sway side to side to move water over the skin surface.
13
Question
What is the scientific name of the Hellbender amphibian?
Answer
The scientific name of the Hellbender amphibian is Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.
14
Question
What are the characteristics of limbs in these organisms?
Answer
Limbs are at a right angle to the trunk.
15
Question
What is the typical diet of these organisms?
Answer
Carnivorous.
16
Question
Where are these organisms usually found?
Answer
Usually aquatic, with larvae being terrestrial adults.
17
Question
Do these organisms undergo metamorphosis?
Answer
No, they undergo direct development.
18
Question
How do these organisms respire?
Answer
Through gills, lungs, and skin.
19
Question
What is the classification of these organisms?
Answer
Sub Class Lissamphibia.
20
Question
What is the typical breeding behavior of these organisms?
Answer
Female recovers in cloaca a spermatophore deposited on a leaf or stick.
21
Question
Where do aquatic species of these organisms lay their eggs?
Answer
In clusters or stringy masses.
22
Question
Where do completely terrestrial species of these organisms deposit their eggs?
Answer
In small grape-like clusters under logs or in soft earth.
23
Question
What is the reproductive method of these organisms?
Answer
Internal fertilization in most cases.
24
Question
What is the classification of toads?
Answer
Sub Class Lissamphibia Ranidae Hylidae Bufonidae
25
Question
How is the body plan of toads modified from the basic ancestral form?
Answer
Head and trunk fused, no tail, two pairs of limbs, no scales, large mouth
26
Question
What are some characteristics of toads' lungs?
Answer
Sophisticated vocalizations for communication, hibernate in oxygen-rich environments, undergo striking metamorphosis
27
Question
What is the Order to which frogs and toads belong?
Answer
Anura (Salientia)
28
Question
What are some challenges faced by amphibians when moving onto land?
Answer
Gravity, desiccation
29
Question
What are some characteristics of amphibians in terms of their movement from water to land in both ontogeny and phylogeny?
Answer
Four limbs for quadrapedal movement, double circuit circulatory system, respiration through skin, gills, and/or lungs, hearing in air, tied to water for reproduction, ectotherms
Reptile Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What are the specialized extra embryonic tissues of the amniotic egg?
Answer
Amnion, Allantois, Chorion
2
Question
What is the function of the amnion in the amniotic egg?
Answer
Provides an aquatic environment for the developing embryo
3
Question
What is the function of the allantois in the amniotic egg?
Answer
Sequesters nitrogenous wastes
4
Question
What is the function of the chorion in the amniotic egg?
Answer
Acts in respiration gas exchange, provides physical protection, and prevents desiccation
5
Question
What structure forms when the allantois and chorion fuse together in the amniotic egg?
Answer
Chorioallantoic membrane
6
Question
What is the function of the yolk sac in the amniotic egg?
Answer
Nutrient storage
7
Question
What is the outer protective layer of the amniotic egg made of?
Answer
Parchment, leathery, or calcified shell
8
Question
What are the three reproductive strategies of reptiles mentioned in the text?
Answer
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
9
Question
What did the amniotic cleidoic egg permit reptiles, birds, and mammals to do?
Answer
Colonize land
10
Question
What does the amniotic egg enclose during development?
Answer
Aquatic phases of development
11
Question
What changes in jaw musculature might reflect a shift from suction feeding in aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial feeding?
Answer
Required larger muscles to produce static pressure
12
Question
Why did the expansion of the jaw musculature provide a better mechanical advantage?
Answer
To move food around in the mouth
13
Question
What type of cardiovascular system is required for terrestrial vertebrates to deal with gravity and blood distribution?
Answer
High-pressure cardiovascular system
14
Question
What limits the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the heart of terrestrial vertebrates like mammals, birds, and crocodilians?
Answer
Flow patterns within the heart
15
Question
What is beta keratin?
Answer
Beta keratin is a hard form of keratin that is unique to birds and non-avian reptiles.
16
Question
Why do few amniotes use skin as a primary respiratory organ?
Answer
Few amniotes use skin as a primary respiratory organ because the keratin and lipids in the skin limit the exchange of gases.
17
Question
What is the primary gas exchange site for amniotes?
Answer
The lungs are the primary gas exchange site for amniotes.
18
Question
How do amniotes draw air into their lungs?
Answer
Amniotes draw air into their lungs by expanding the thoracic cavity using costal muscles or pulling the liver posterior.
19
Question
What is rib ventilation in amniotes?
Answer
Rib ventilation in amniotes involves using the rib muscles to draw air into the lungs by expanding the thoracic cavity.
20
Question
What is aspiration in amniotes?
Answer
Aspiration is the shift from positive to negative ventilation, which likely influenced the evolution of amniotic limbs.
21
Question
How did early tetrapods use rib muscles in breathing?
Answer
Early tetrapods used the rib muscles to make lateral undulations, producing a wriggling motion for breathing.
22
Question
Why do fish jaws differ from terrestrial vertebrates' jaws?
Answer
Fish jaws are designed for suction, which is not possible for terrestrial vertebrates.
23
Question
What changes in jaw musculature reflect the shift to terrestrial feeding in vertebrates?
Answer
Changes in jaw musculature reflect the shift from suction feeding in aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial feeding, requiring larger muscles to produce static pressure.
24
Question
Why do mammals, birds, and crocodilians have two completely separated ventricles in their hearts?
Answer
Mammals, birds, and crocodilians have two completely separated ventricles in their hearts to prevent mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
25
Question
What is an advantage of having an expansion of the jaw musculature in vertebrates?
Answer
Expansion of the jaw musculature provides better mechanical advantage for feeding and jaw movement.
26
Question
Why do some reptiles have incomplete separation of ventricles in their hearts?
Answer
Incomplete separation of ventricles in many reptiles allows blood to bypass the lungs during diving or estivation.
27
Question
What determines the sex of eggs incubated at high temperatures?
Answer
Females
28
Question
What determines the sex of eggs incubated at low temperatures?
Answer
Males
29
Question
In which class do crocodiles belong?
Answer
Reptilia
30
Question
What is the subclass of crocodiles?
Answer
Diapsida
Bird Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is the frequency of humans' vision (Hz)?
Answer
60 Hz
2
Question
What is the frequency of birds' vision (Hz)?
Answer
120 Hz
3
Question
What are some necessary adaptations for flight?
Answer
Structural and functional adaptations
4
Question
What are contour feathers made of?
Answer
Lightweight and strong material
5
Question
What is the composition of a contour feather?
Answer
1. Hollow quill 2. Shaft 3. Barbs 4. Barbules
6
Question
What is the function of the hollow quill in a contour feather?
Answer
Supports the barbs and provides structure
7
Question
How are barbs arranged in a contour feather?
Answer
Spread diagonally from the shaft to form asymmetrical vanes
8
Question
What is the role of barbules in a contour feather?
Answer
Linking adjacent barbs by overlapping hooks
9
Question
How can detached barbules be reattached in a feather?
Answer
They can be easily re-hooked by preening with a running beak parallel to the axis of the barb
10
Question
What is the structure of a feather composed of?
Answer
Hollow quill, shaft, barbs, and barbules
11
Question
Where can more information on the structure of feathers be found?
Answer
http://sciencediscovery.com/videos/dinosaur-feather-mystery-clips/structure-of-a-feather.html
12
Question
How are bird skeletons described in terms of weight and strength?
Answer
Light but very strong and rigid
13
Question
What fills the marrow cavity of long bones in bird skeletons?
Answer
No tissue, instead filled with extensions of air sacs
14
Question
What stiffens the bone in bird skeletons and prevents buckling?
Answer
Thin cross struts
15
Question
What bones are highly modified for flight in birds?
Answer
Forelimb bones
16
Question
What do the primary flight feathers associated with the manus provide for birds during flight?
Answer
Forward thrust
17
Question
What is one key structural adaptation for flight in birds related to their skeleton?
Answer
Bird skeletons are light but very strong and rigid, with pneumatized bones filled with extensions of air sacs to reduce weight.
18
Question
How are the long bones of bird wings different from those of mammals?
Answer
The long bones of bird wings have thin walls and no tissue filling the marrow cavity, making them lighter and more suitable for flight.
19
Question
Why are stiff bones important for birds in flight?
Answer
Stiff bones prevent buckling and provide structural support during flight maneuvers.
20
Question
What is the function of air sacs in bird bones?
Answer
Air sacs in bird bones reduce weight and provide additional structural support and strength.
21
Question
How are the manus bones of bird wings adapted for flight?
Answer
The manus bones, particularly the hand, are reduced in size through fusion, and primary flight feathers associated with the manus provide forward thrust.
22
Question
What is the capital of France?
Answer
Paris
23
Question
What is the largest continent in the world?
Answer
Asia
24
Question
Who wrote the famous play 'Romeo and Juliet'?
Answer
William Shakespeare
25
Question
What is the chemical symbol for Gold?
Answer
Au
26
Question
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
Answer
Mitochondria
27
Question
What is the process by which plants make their food?
Answer
Photosynthesis
28
Question
Who painted the Mona Lisa?
Answer
Leonardo da Vinci
29
Question
What is the largest planet in our solar system?
Answer
Jupiter
30
Question
What is the tallest mountain in the world?
Answer
Mount Everest
Mammal Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is the function of the integument in mammals?
Answer
Mechanical protection against abrasion, water loss, bacterial invasion, and damaging UV light effects. It also provides temperature regulation and excretory functions.
2
Question
What are the components of the mammalian skin?
Answer
The skin is composed of an epidermis and dermis. In regions subject to abrasion, the outer layers of the epidermis become thicker and cornified with keratin for protection.
3
Question
What is the role of pigmentation in the integument of mammals?
Answer
Pigmentation in the skin may assist in camouflage and signaling. It also plays a role in temperature regulation and contains sensory receptors.
4
Question
What are some functions of the integument in endothermic animals?
Answer
Endothermic animals use the integument for temperature regulation, excretory functions, and as a means of sensory perception through receptors like pain, tactile, and temperature.
5
Question
What is brown fat and its role in mammals?
Answer
Brown fat is a specialized type of fat that helps in generating heat and maintaining body temperature. It is important for endothermic animals like mammals.
6
Question
What is the function of underhair in insulation?
Answer
Traps a layer of insulating air
7
Question
How does guard hair contribute to insulation?
Answer
Forms a protective blanket over underhair
8
Question
What factors affect the insulative value of hair?
Answer
Guard hair length and underhair density
9
Question
How can raised hair be used for communication?
Answer
To communicate warnings of anger or fear
10
Question
What is the function of vibrissae whiskers?
Answer
To provide tactile information from the surroundings
11
Question
Why are vibrissae whiskers often long in nocturnal and burrowing mammals?
Answer
To enhance sensory perception in low light conditions and while navigating burrows
12
Question
What is the defense mechanism of animals like porcupines and hedgehogs?
Answer
Spines for protection against predation
13
Question
Which animals use camouflage by molting according to season?
Answer
Snowshoe hares, arctic foxes, etc.
14
Question
What are some of the functions of hair in mammals?
Answer
Insulation, communication, sensation, defense, and camouflage
15
Question
How do skin derivatives in mammals contribute to integumentary functions?
Answer
They have a variety of integumentary glands that are derivatives of the epidermis, falling into 4 categories
16
Question
What are the three layers of hair?
Answer
1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle
17
Question
What is the term for a complete coverage of hair?
Answer
Pelage or fur coat
18
Question
What is the function of underhair in hair structure?
Answer
Insulation, trapping a layer of insulating air
19
Question
How does raised hair function in communication?
Answer
Communicates warnings of anger or fear
20
Question
What is the function of vibrissae or whiskers in hair structure?
Answer
Provide tactile information from surroundings
21
Question
What is the function of spines in animals like porcupines and hedgehogs?
Answer
Protection against predation
22
Question
What are the functions of hair in terms of insulation, communication, sensation, defense, and camouflage?
Answer
Insulation, communication, sensation, defense, and camouflage
23
Question
What is the term for the outer guard hairs of a hair structure?
Answer
Coarse and long hairs
24
Question
What is the term for the dense and soft underhair in a hair structure?
Answer
Underhair
25
Question
What is the relationship between insulative value and guard hair length and underhair density?
Answer
Insulative value is related to guard hair length and underhair density
26
Question
What are the two types of hair found in hair structure?
Answer
Guard hair and underhair
27
Question
What is the function of guard hair in hair structure?
Answer
Forms a protective blanket over underhair
28
Question
What is the term for the outermost layer of hair composed of overlapping scales?
Answer
Cuticle
29
Question
What are the functions of skin derivatives in mammals?
Answer
Glands, communication, insulation, sensation, defense, and camouflage
30
Question
How do snowshoe hares and arctic foxes use their hair for camouflage?
Answer
Molt according to season