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Dylan Gable - #1-Honors Biology Final Study Guide Doc - Numata 2023-2024 (1).pdf Flashcards
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Dylan Gable - #1-Honors Biology Final Study Guide Doc - Numata 2023-2024 (1).pdf Flashcards
Dylan Gable - #1-Honors Biology Final Study Guide Doc - Numata 2023-2024 (1).pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is biology?
Answer
Scientific study of life.
2
Question
What are the characteristics of all living things?
Answer
Growth and development, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis, cellular organization, and heredity.
3
Question
What are the 4 organic compounds and their building blocks (monomers)?
Answer
Carbohydrates (monomer: glucose), Proteins (monomer: amino acids), Lipids, Nucleic acids.
4
Question
Provide examples of each organic compound.
Answer
Carbohydrates: starch (energy storage), Proteins: antibodies (immune defense), Lipids: phospholipids (cell membrane structure), Nucleic acids: RNA (protein synthesis).
5
Question
Explain the importance of each organic compound.
Answer
Carbohydrates: glucose (energy source), Proteins: enzymes (catalysts), Lipids: fats (energy storage), Nucleic acids: DNA (genetic information).
6
Question
What elements do all organic compounds contain?
Answer
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus.
7
Question
What does 'polar' mean in the context of water?
Answer
Molecules with partial positive and negative charges due to uneven electron distribution.
8
Question
What type of bonds hold a single water molecule together?
Answer
Covalent bonds.
9
Question
What type of bonds hold water to other water molecules?
Answer
Hydrogen bonds.
10
Question
Explain the unique properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, density, capillary action.
Answer
Cohesion: Water molecules stick together. Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other surfaces. Surface tension: Resistance of surface molecules to being broken. High specific heat: Water can absorb a lot of heat without changing temperature. Density: Ice is less dense than liquid water. Capillary action: Water can move up narrow tubes against gravity.
11
Question
What is homeostasis in biology?
Answer
The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism.
12
Question
What is the pH for an acidic, basic, and neutral substance?
Answer
Acidic: <7, Neutral: 7, Basic: >7.
13
Question
What is a buffer in biology?
Answer
A substance that minimizes changes in pH.
14
Question
What are enzymes (catalysts) and how do they relate to a lock and key?
Answer
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy; they fit specific substrates like a lock and key.
15
Question
What does 'denature' mean in biology, and what factors can cause enzymes to denature?
Answer
Denature: Loss of structure and function due to extreme temperature or pH. Factors: Extreme temperature or pH changes.
16
Question
Differentiate between Negative and Positive Feedback in biological systems.
Answer
Negative Feedback: Counteracts changes (e.g., body temperature regulation). Positive Feedback: Amplifies changes (e.g., blood clotting).
17
Question
What type of cells result from cell division in terms of daughter cells?
Answer
two identical daughter cells
18
Question
Where is the single circular chromosome located in bacteria?
Answer
located in the cytoplasm
19
Question
What is the difference in chromosome location between prokaryotes bacteria and eukaryotes plants and animals?
Answer
Prokaryotes bacteria have a single circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes plants and animals have a membrane-bound nucleus
20
Question
How many pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes do humans have?
Answer
Humans have 23 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
21
Question
Identify the sex chromosomes found in a female.
Answer
Females have two X chromosomes (XX)
22
Question
Identify the sex chromosomes found in a male.
Answer
Males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY)
23
Question
Why is a Punnett square used in genetics?
Answer
A Punnett square is used to predict the probability of an offspring inheriting particular traits based on the genetic makeup of the parent
24
Question
What does a monohybrid cross involve?
Answer
A monohybrid cross involves one trait
25
Question
Provide an example of a monohybrid cross.
Answer
For example, crossing two heterozygous pea plants (Tt x Tt) for tallness where T represents tall and t represents short, yielding a 3:1 phenotypic ratio (3 tall : 1 short)
26
Question
What does a dihybrid cross involve?
Answer
A dihybrid cross involves two traits
27
Question
Provide an example of a dihybrid cross.
Answer
For example, crossing two heterozygous plants (RrYy x RrYy) for seed shape (R round r wrinkled) and seed color (Y yellow y green), yielding a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio (9 round yellow : 3 round green : 3 wrinkled yellow : 1 wrinkled green)
28
Question
What is biology?
Answer
Sceinftic study of life
29
Question
What are the characteristics of all living things?
Answer
Growth and development, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis, cellular organization, and heredity
30
Question
What are the 4 organic compounds and their monomers building blocks?
Answer
Carbohydrates (monomer: glucose), Proteins (monomer: amino acids), Lipids (monomer: fatty acids), Nucleic acids (monomer: nucleotides)