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PRELIM-Experimental-Psychology.pdf Flashcards
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PRELIM-Experimental-Psychology.pdf Flashcards
PRELIM-Experimental-Psychology.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the relationship between scientific methodology and data?
Answer
Science connotes content and process. Methodology consists of the scientific techniques we use to collect and evaluate data. Data are the facts we gather using scientific methods.
2
Question
What is commonsense psychology according to Heider?
Answer
Heider called nonscientific data gathering commonsense psychology. This approach uses nonscientific sources of data and nonscientific inference.
3
Question
What is an everyday example of commonsense psychology?
Answer
An everyday example is believing that a certain event will happen based on anecdotal evidence rather than scientific data.
4
Question
What is a law in scientific terms?
Answer
A law consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables that have overwhelming empirical support. Laws like the Laws of Thermodynamics are useful in the physical sciences.
5
Question
What is a theory?
Answer
A theory is an interim explanation, a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena. Theories integrate diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new instances of behavior.
6
Question
What is good thinking and why is it important?
Answer
Good thinking is critical for analyzing and interpreting data effectively.
7
Question
What is measurement in the context of psychology research?
Answer
Measurement assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics. This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.
8
Question
How did Baron and colleagues (1985) measure anger and depression?
Answer
Baron and colleagues measured anger and depression using numerical scales.
9
Question
What is experimentation in psychological research?
Answer
Experimentation is the process we use to test the predictions we call hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.
10
Question
What must be true for our predictions in experimentation?
Answer
Our predictions must be testable.
11
Question
What are the requirements for an experiment?
Answer
We must be able to manipulate the independent variable and measure its effect on the dependent variable.
12
Question
When should an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approve an at-risk study?
Answer
IRBs should approve an at-risk study when a risk-benefit analysis determines that risks to participants are outweighed by gains in knowledge.
13
Question
What principles did the Belmont Report (1979) emphasize?
Answer
The Belmont Report emphasized three principles: Respect for persons (individuals have the right of self-determination and basis of informed consent), Beneficence (minimize harm and maximize potential benefits), and Justice (fairness in both the burdens and benefits of research).
14
Question
How does debriefing accomplish its goals?
Answer
In debriefing, an experimenter discloses the true nature and purpose of the study to the subject and solicits the subject's questions at the end of the experiment.
15
Question
What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?
Answer
Anonymity means that subjects are not identified by name, whereas confidentiality means that data are securely stored and only used for the purpose explained to the subject.
16
Question
How do researchers achieve anonymity?
Answer
Researchers achieve anonymity by collecting data without names and assigning code numbers.
17
Question
How do researchers achieve confidentiality?
Answer
Researchers achieve confidentiality by storing data in a locked secure location.
18
Question
What is the ethical solution when republishing data in a journal article?
Answer
The ethical solution is to cite original publications when republishing data in a journal article or republishing journal articles in an edited volume.
19
Question
What are the key ethical principles in social research?
Answer
The key ethical principles in social research include Voluntary Participation, No Harm to Participants, Anonymity and Confidentiality, and Deception.
20
Question
What does 'Voluntary Participation' mean in social research?
Answer
Voluntary Participation means that no one should be forced to participate in a research study.
21
Question
What is the importance of 'No Harm to Participants' in social research?
Answer
People being researched should never be injured physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or psychologically.
22
Question
What is an example of harm in research?
Answer
An example is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
23
Question
What is Informed Consent?
Answer
Informed Consent is a norm in which subjects are provided with sufficient information to make an educated decision about their participation in a study.
24
Question
What is internal validity?
Answer
Internal validity is the degree to which a researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
25
Question
When does an experiment have high internal validity?
Answer
An experiment has high internal validity when it can be demonstrated that only the antecedent conditions are responsible for group differences in behavior.
26
Question
What does an internally valid experiment allow us to do?
Answer
An internally valid experiment allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions.
27
Question
Why do experiments often achieve higher internal validity than nonexperimental studies?
Answer
Laboratory experiments are often higher in internal validity because of their controlled conditions.
28
Question
What are retrospective data?
Answer
Retrospective data are recollections of past events that are collected in the present.
29
Question
Are childhood memories considered retrospective data?
Answer
Yes, childhood memories are considered retrospective data.
30
Question
What are the risks of using retrospective data?
Answer
The information may be compromised by faculty memory, current mood, and the retrieval cues present when recalling an event.