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Histology Pt1 Exam 3
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Histology Pt1 Exam 3
Blood+%26+Bone+Marrow.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is blood?
Answer
Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular fluid material called plasma.
2
Question
What propels blood circulation?
Answer
Blood is propelled by rhythmic contractions of the heart.
3
Question
What is the total amount of circulating blood in the human body?
Answer
The total amount of circulating blood is about 5 liters.
4
Question
What are the cellular formed elements of blood?
Answer
The cellular formed elements of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
5
Question
What components make up plasma?
Answer
Plasma consists of plasma proteins such as fibrinogens, globulins, and albumin, as well as ground substance called serum.
6
Question
Where is bone marrow located?
Answer
Bone marrow is highly vascularized tissue found in the medullary cavities of bone.
7
Question
What are the two compartments of bone marrow?
Answer
vascular and hematopoietic (blood forming) compartments.
8
Question
From which germ layer do blood and bone marrow derive?
Answer
mesoderm.
9
Question
Where does hematopoiesis occur in the first few weeks of gestation?
Answer
yolk sac.
10
Question
Where are blood cells formed during the rest of fetal life until about 2 weeks after birth?
Answer
formed in the liver and spleen.
11
Question
Where are blood cells formed after the first few weeks of life?
Answer
bone marrow.
12
Question
Where are lymphocytes produced?
Answer
lymphoid organs.
13
Question
What happens to blood when clotting is prevented by an anticoagulant like heparin?
Answer
Blood can be separated by centrifugation into layers.
14
Question
What do erythrocytes comprise in a blood sample?
Answer
Erythrocytes comprise the hematocrit.
15
Question
What is hemoglobin and what is its function?
Answer
Hemoglobin is a protein in blood that carries oxygen.
16
Question
Which type of blood has more oxygen, arterial or venous blood?
Answer
Oxygen is more abundant in arterial blood than in venous blood.
17
Question
What is the buffy coat in a blood sample?
Answer
The buffy coat is a thin gray-white layer found between the hematocrit and the plasma, consisting of leukocytes and platelets.
18
Question
What is the pH of plasma?
Answer
Plasma has a pH of about 7.4.
19
Question
What dissolved components are found in plasma?
Answer
The dissolved components in plasma are mainly proteins, but also include nutrients, nitrogenous waste, respiratory gases, hormones, and inorganic ions called electrolytes.
20
Question
How are blood cells typically studied microscopically?
Answer
Blood cells are studied microscopically by spreading a drop of blood in a thin layer on a slide.
21
Question
What are blood smears often stained with?
Answer
Blood smears are often stained with mixtures of acidic eosin and basic methylene blue dyes.
22
Question
What is anemia?
Answer
Anemia is a condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range, causing tissues to be unable to receive adequate oxygen.
23
Question
What are the symptoms of anemia?
Answer
Symptoms of anemia include lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue, and pallor.
24
Question
What causes sickle cell anemia?
Answer
Sickle cell anemia is due to an amino acid substitution that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, leading to possible capillary blockage.
25
Question
What is the normal shape of red blood cells?
Answer
The normal shape of red blood cells is biconcave.
26
Question
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes beneficial?
Answer
The biconcave shape provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange.
27
Question
How long do erythrocytes normally survive in circulation?
Answer
Erythrocytes normally survive in circulation for about 120 days.
28
Question
What happens to erythrocytes with defects in shape or surface saccharide complexes?
Answer
Erythrocytes with defects in shape or surface saccharide complexes are removed from circulation mainly by macrophages.
29
Question
What are leukocytes?
Answer
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are one of the body's chief defenses against infection.
30
Question
How do leukocytes act when called to sites of infection?
Answer
When called to sites of infection, leukocytes cross the walls of venules, become motile, and migrate into tissue.
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