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DP-C_ Developmental Theories (1).pdf Flashcards
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DP-C_ Developmental Theories (1).pdf Flashcards
DP-C_ Developmental Theories (1).pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the Psychosexual Theory by Freud focused on?
Answer
The Psychosexual Theory by Freud is focused on discontinuous development, reactive instincts, unconscious motivation, and the concepts of Id pleasure principle, Ego reality principle, and Superego morality principle. It also includes stages such as Oral Fixation, Anal Fixation, Anal Retentive, Anal Expulsive, Phallic, Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex, Castration Anxiety, Penis Envy, Latency, and Genitals.
2
Question
What are the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud in his Psychosexual Theory?
Answer
In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, the defense mechanisms include Repression, Regression, Displacement, Rationalization, Denial, Projection, Sublimation, and Reaction Formation.
3
Question
What are the stages in Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?
Answer
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory includes stages such as Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years old) with concepts like Circular Reactions, Assimilation, and Accommodation; Preoperational (2-7 years old) with Symbolic Function, Deferred Imitation, and Intuitive Thought; Concrete Operational (7-11 years old) with concepts like Conservation and Seriation; and Formal Operational (11 years old onwards) with abilities like Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning and Self-Consciousness.
4
Question
What are the three levels of moral development proposed by Kohlberg?
Answer
Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes Level I: Preconventional Morality (3-7 years old) with Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation and Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange; Level II: Conventional Morality (8-13 years old) with Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship and Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order; and Level III: Postconventional Morality (14 years old and above) with Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights and Stage 6: Universal Principles or Cosmic Stage.
5
Question
What are the different types of attachment patterns proposed in Attachment Theory by Ainsworth?
Answer
Attachment Theory by Ainsworth identifies different attachment patterns including Secure Attachment (Sensitive and Responsive with low avoidance and low anxiety), Avoidant Insecure Attachment (Inconsistent, often unresponsive with low anxiety and high avoidance), Ambivalent Resistant Attachment (Rejecting/unresponsive or intrusive/overly stimulating, inconsistent with low avoidance and high anxiety), and Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment (Frightened and frightening with high avoidance and high anxiety).
6
Question
What is the concept advocated by Jean-Jacques Rosseau in the field of Developmental Psychology?
Answer
Children should be allowed to think by themselves according to their own ways and an inner biological timetable.
7
Question
Who is considered the Father of Developmental Psychology
Answer
Jean Piaget
8
Question
How did Arnold Gesell view a child's development process?
Answer
He believed that a child's development was activated by genes and unfolded in fixed sequences. He opposed efforts to teach children ahead of schedule, as he believed they would engage in behaviors when their nervous systems had sufficiently matured.
9
Question
What is the importance of early childhood experiences according to Sigmund Freud?
Answer
Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping our personality and behavior. He believed that in our natural state, we are primarily driven by instincts, but during childhood, we learn to manage our instincts and transform them into socially acceptable behaviors.
10
Question
What are the main beliefs of Sigmund Freud regarding childhood development?
Answer
Freud believed that the interactions between parents or caregivers and children have a long-lasting impact on children's emotional states. His theories of psychosexual development and psychopathology dominated the field of psychiatry until the growth of behaviorism in the 1950s.
11
Question
What is the focus of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of development?
Answer
Erikson proposed a model of lifespan development where social relationships fostered development. He identified psychosocial crises in each period of life that individuals must face. Successfully resolving these crises is important for healthy development.
12
Question
What is the main criticism of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
Answer
Critics argue that focusing heavily on crises and assuming that the completion of one crisis is a prerequisite for the next stage of development may not accurately represent the complexity of human development. Additionally, the theory is criticized for being culturally biased.
13
Question
What is the focus of Behaviorism according to B.F. Skinner?
Answer
B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, believed that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself as it is not possible to objectively study the mind. He used the ideas of stimulus and response, along with rewards or reinforcements, to train animals and develop theories on teaching and societal behavior.
14
Question
What is the main idea behind Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura?
Answer
Social Learning Theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of others. Bandura introduced the concept of reciprocal determinism, highlighting the interplay between personality, interpretations of events, and behavior.
15
Question
What is the focus of Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory?
Answer
Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory focuses on how children's intellectual skills change over time. He believed that children interpret the world differently based on their age and that maturation, rather than training, leads to cognitive development.
16
Question
What is the critique of Developmental Theories regarding cognitive development?
Answer
Critics argue that developmental theories may overemphasize the role of physical maturation in cognitive development and underestimate the impact of culture and experience on cognitive growth.
17
Question
What is the key idea behind Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?
Answer
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory emphasizes the importance of culture and social interaction in the development of cognitive abilities. He believed that individuals have both existing abilities and potential abilities that can be realized with proper guidance from others.
18
Question
What is the concept of Information Processing in cognitive development?
Answer
Information Processing involves studying how individuals perceive, analyze, manipulate, use, and remember information. It emphasizes that cognitive development is continuous, and humans improve in their processing skills over time through brain maturation and interactions with the environment.
19
Question
What is the focus of Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory?
Answer
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory highlights that human interaction is influenced by larger social forces. It categorizes systems such as the microsystem (individuals' direct contacts), mesosystem (organizational structures), exosystem (community contexts), macrosystem (cultural elements), and chronosystem (historical context) to understand individual development.