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DP-A_ Perspectives on Nature and Nurture (1).pdf Flashcards
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DP-A_ Perspectives on Nature and Nurture (1).pdf Flashcards
DP-A_ Perspectives on Nature and Nurture (1).pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What are the perspectives in Developmental Psychology regarding Nature and Nurture?
Answer
Nature and Nurture are the two main perspectives in Developmental Psychology, focusing on the influences of genetics (nature) and environment/experiences (nurture) on human development.
2
Question
What are the domains of development discussed in Developmental Psychology?
Answer
The domains of development in Developmental Psychology include Physical Development, Cognitive Development, and Psychosocial Development. These domains encompass the physical, mental, and social-emotional aspects of human growth and maturation.
3
Question
What are the factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality according to Developmental Psychology?
Answer
The three factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality are Genes, Shared Environmental Influences, and Nonshared Environmental Influences. These factors play a role in shaping an individual's emotional reactions and temperament.
4
Question
What are the three kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations discussed in Developmental Psychology?
Answer
The three kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations are Passive Gene-Environment, Evocative Gene-Environment, and Active Gene-Environment correlations. These correlations describe how genetic predispositions interact with environmental influences in shaping an individual's development.
5
Question
What are the influences on development discussed in Developmental Psychology related to Individual Differences?
Answer
Individual Differences in Developmental Psychology refer to variations in characteristics or developmental outcomes among individuals. Factors such as gender, height, weight, intelligence, temperament, and environmental contexts contribute to individual differences in development.
6
Question
What are the primary influences on development described in Developmental Psychology?
Answer
The primary influences on development in Developmental Psychology are Heredity, Environment, and Maturation. Heredity refers to inherited traits, Environment includes nonhereditary influences, and Maturation involves the natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.
7
Question
What is the significance of Contexts of Development in Developmental Psychology?
Answer
Contexts of Development in Developmental Psychology emphasize the social and historical environments in which individuals develop. Factors such as family, socioeconomic status, culture, ethnicity, and historical influences shape an individual's developmental trajectory.
8
Question
Define the concept of Socioeconomic Status (SES) as discussed in Developmental Psychology.
Answer
Socioeconomic Status (SES) in Developmental Psychology is a combination of economic and social factors that describe an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation. SES influences access to resources, opportunities, and quality of life, impacting developmental outcomes.
9
Question
What are Risk Factors in the context of Developmental Psychology?
Answer
Risk Factors in Developmental Psychology are conditions that increase the likelihood of negative developmental outcomes. Factors such as supportive parenting and individual temperament profiles can buffer children against risks, while socioeconomic disparities and environmental stressors can pose challenges to healthy development.
10
Question
Explain the influence of Culture and Race-Ethnicity on development according to Developmental Psychology.
Answer
Culture and Race-Ethnicity influence development by shaping the total way of life, beliefs, values, behaviors, and social interactions within a society or ethnic group. Cultural patterns impact household composition, economic resources, education, occupations, and cognitive development, while race and ethnicity can influence social treatment, opportunities, and health outcomes.
11
Question
What is the importance of exposing children to linguistic input and social interaction early in life for language development?
Answer
All children must be exposed to linguistic input and social interaction early in life to develop language in the typical fashion.
12
Question
What are the characteristics of Baby Talk (Infant-directed speech)?
Answer
Baby Talk includes distinctive speech patterns with preverbal infants, simplified grammar, slower tempo, pitch variations, exaggerated sound intonation, and repetition of key words and phrases. It is highly engaging for infants and draws their attention to spoken language. It may also help convey cultural norms.
13
Question
What are the benefits associated with Infant-directed speech (ID speech)?
Answer
ID speech has been associated with numerous benefits including the association of sounds of words with meanings, increase in long-term word recognition, and increased neural activity when words are spoken in ID speech.
14
Question
When does the preference for Infant-directed speech (ID speech) begin to decline in infants?
Answer
ID speech preference begins to decline as early as 9 to 12 months as infants become more linguistically sophisticated.
15
Question
What is Plasticity in the context of development?
Answer
Plasticity refers to the range of modifiability of performance and the sensitivity periods in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences. It is not just a general characteristic of development that applies to all members of a species, but there are individual differences in plasticity of responses to environmental events.
16
Question
What are the characteristics of the LifeSpan Developmental Approach according to Paul Baltes et al?
Answer
1. Development is lifelong. Each period of the life span is affected by what happened before and will affect what is to come. Each period has unique characteristics and values. No period is more or less important than any other. 2. Development is multidimensional, involving biological, psychological, and social dimensions that may develop at varying rates. 3. Development is multidirectional, as gains in one area may lead to losses in another. 4. The relative influences of biology and culture shift over the lifespan. 5. Development involves changing resource allocations, with individuals choosing how to invest their resources in growth, maintenance, or dealing with loss. 6. Development shows plasticity, with abilities being improvable even late in life. 7. Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context.
17
Question
What is the difference between Nature and Nurture in the context of development?
Answer
Nature (heredity) plays the most important role in bringing about certain features, while Nurture (one's environment) is most significant in shaping the way individuals are. There is a constant interplay between nature and nurture, and it is difficult to isolate the root of any behavior solely as a result of nature or nurture.