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TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is the focus of Human Development in developmental psychology?
Answer
The scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people.
2
Question
What is the Life Span Development perspective in developmental psychology?
Answer
Concept of human development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically.
3
Question
What are the domains of development in developmental psychology?
Answer
Physical Development, Cognitive Development, and Psychosocial Development.
4
Question
Define Social Construction in developmental psychology.
Answer
A concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society.
5
Question
Explain the Stability-Change Issue in developmental psychology.
Answer
It involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change.
6
Question
What is the Continuity-Discontinuity debate in developmental psychology?
Answer
It focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
7
Question
What is Maturation in developmental psychology?
Answer
It is a transitional state that indicates a person is fully functional, involving the unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns.
8
Question
What does Development encompass in developmental psychology?
Answer
It encompasses physical, mental, and social aspects, and is a progressive process of functional changes.
9
Question
Define Behavioral Genetics in developmental psychology.
Answer
It is the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences are responsible for individual differences in traits.
10
Question
What is Heritability in developmental psychology?
Answer
It is the proportion of variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among individuals.
11
Question
Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he study?
Answer
Gregor Mendel studied heredity in plants.
12
Question
Explain Gene-Environment Interaction in developmental psychology.
Answer
It refers to the effects of genes depending on the environment experienced, and how responses to the environment depend on genetic factors.
13
Question
What are the 3 factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality?
Answer
Genes, Shared Environmental Influences, and Nonshared Environmental Influences.
14
Question
What is Epigenetics in developmental psychology?
Answer
It refers to the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
15
Question
What are the 3 types of studies used in Behavioral Genetics?
Answer
Twin Studies, Adoption Studies, and Family Studies.
16
Question
What factors influence intelligence besides heredity?
Answer
Parental stimulation, education, peer influence, and others
17
Question
What are the three factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality?
Answer
Genes, Shared Environmental Influences, Nonshared Environmental Influences
18
Question
What are the three kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations?
Answer
Passive Gene-Environment, Evocative Gene-Environment, Active Gene-Environment
19
Question
Define Passive Gene-Environment Correlation
Answer
Parent provides for their children influenced partly by the parents' genotypes
20
Question
Define Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation
Answer
Child's genotype evokes certain reactions from other people, affecting the social environment they experience
21
Question
Define Active Gene-Environment Correlation
Answer
Children's genotype influences the kinds of environments they seek
22
Question
Explain the concept of 'Nature' in development psychology
Answer
Inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child's parents, heredity
23
Question
Explain the concept of 'Nurture' in development psychology
Answer
Influences from the outside environment starting from conception throughout life
24
Question
What are some examples of individual differences in people?
Answer
Gender, height, weight, body build, health, energy level, etc.
25
Question
What are the factors in the context of development according to the text?
Answer
Family (Nuclear and Extended Family), Socioeconomic Status, Culture, Gender, History
26
Question
Define Normative Influences in development psychology
Answer
Biological or environmental events that affect many or most people in a society in similar ways
27
Question
Differentiate between Normative Age-Graded Influences and Normative History-Graded Influences
Answer
Age-Graded Influences affect people of certain ages, while History-Graded Influences impact individuals who experience specific events at a formative time in their lives
28
Question
What are Nonnormative events in development psychology?
Answer
Unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle
29
Question
Explain the concept of Imprinting in development psychology
Answer
Instinctively following the first moving object they see
30
Question
Define Critical Period in development psychology
Answer
Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development
View
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is sublimation in psychology?
Answer
Sublimation is when people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
2
Question
What is reaction formation in psychology?
Answer
Reaction formation is when unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness.
3
Question
What is the Psychosocial Theory by Erikson?
Answer
Psychosocial Theory by Erikson emphasizes the influence of society on the developing personality, with each stage involving a period of crisis and the development of a virtue.
4
Question
What are the stages and crises in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
Answer
Infancy - Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope), Toddlerhood - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Will), Early Childhood - Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose), Middle and late Childhood - Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence), Adolescence - Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Fidelity), Young Adulthood - Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love), Middle Adulthood - Generativity vs. Stagnation (Care), Late Adulthood - Integrity vs. Despair (Wisdom).
5
Question
What is the Social Clock in the context of psychosocial development?
Answer
The Social Clock refers to the conventional culturally preferred timing of important life events, influencing individuals' development.
6
Question
What are the key principles of Cognitive Development by Piaget?
Answer
Piaget viewed intelligence as a process that helps an organism adapt to its environment, emphasizing that children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences.
7
Question
What are the three related processes of Cognitive Growth according to Piaget?
Answer
The three related processes of Cognitive Growth are Organization (creating categories), Adaptation (handling new information), and Equilibration (seeking cognitive equilibrium).
8
Question
What are the stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Answer
The stages are Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
9
Question
What is the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's theory?
Answer
The Sensorimotor Stage is the first stage of cognitive development, occurring from birth to 2 years old, where infants learn through circular reactions, schemes, assimilation, accommodation, organization, and seek equilibrium.
10
Question
What is assimilation in the context of cognitive development?
Answer
Assimilation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information.
11
Question
What is accommodation in the context of cognitive development?
Answer
Accommodation occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
12
Question
What is organization in the context of cognitive development?
Answer
Organization is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order system.
13
Question
What is equilibration in the context of cognitive development?
Answer
Equilibration refers to children shifting from one stage of thought to the next to seek equilibrium.
14
Question
What is object permanence in cognitive development?
Answer
Object permanence is the realization that something continues to exist when out of sight.
15
Question
What is the Dual Representation Hypothesis in cognitive development?
Answer
The Dual Representation Hypothesis proposes that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships due to the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.
16
Question
What is the Preoperational stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Answer
The Preoperational stage is the second stage lasting from ages 2 to 7, characterized by the expansion in the use of symbolic thought.
17
Question
What is Deferred Imitation in cognitive development?
Answer
Deferred Imitation is the reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time.
18
Question
What is the Representational Ability in cognitive development?
Answer
Representational Ability is the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental pictures.
19
Question
What is the primary focus of the Preoperational Thought stage in cognitive development?
Answer
The primary focus of the Preoperational Thought stage is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been experienced.
20
Question
What is the second stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?
Answer
Preoperational stage
21
Question
What age range does the preoperational stage typically last from?
Answer
Ages 2 to 7
22
Question
What are some characteristics of the preoperational stage?
Answer
Expansion in the use of symbolic thought, representation of the world with words, images, and drawings, egocentrism, magical beliefs, inability to perform reversible mental actions
23
Question
What is the symbolic function in the preoperational stage?
Answer
Being able to think about something in the absence of sensory or motor cues, using symbols or mental representations with attached meanings
24
Question
What is intuitive thought in the preoperational stage?
Answer
Primitive reasoning and a curiosity about various questions, occurs approximately between 4-7 years of age
25
Question
What is deferred imitation in the preoperational stage?
Answer
Children imitating an action after observing it at some point
26
Question
What is pretend play in the preoperational stage?
Answer
Children using an object to represent something else, a form of fantasy, dramatic, or imaginary play
27
Question
What is conservation in the preoperational stage?
Answer
The understanding that two things remain equal even if their appearance is altered, as long as nothing is added or taken away
28
Question
What is egocentrism in the preoperational stage?
Answer
Young children focusing so much on their own point of view that they cannot consider another's perspective
29
Question
What is transduction in the preoperational stage?
Answer
Mentally linking two events, especially if they are close in time, without necessarily a logical causal relationship
30
Question
What is animism in the preoperational stage?
Answer
The tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive
View
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is secure attachment in early development a foundation for?
Answer
Secure attachment in early development becomes a foundation for psychological development later in life.
2
Question
What are characteristics of secured adults who had secure attachment in early development?
Answer
Secured adults can speak about attachment relationships with feeling, be thoughtful and reflective, and balance dependency and exploration as well as emotion and thought.
3
Question
What is the parenting style associated with sensitive and responsive behavior, low avoidance, and low anxiety?
Answer
The parenting style associated with sensitive and responsive behavior, low avoidance, and low anxiety is Secure Attachment.
4
Question
What is avoidant insecure attachment characterized by?
Answer
Avoidant insecure attachment is characterized by being outwardly unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning, not distressed if the caregiver leaves, and not reestablishing contact when they return.
5
Question
What parenting style is associated with inconsistent behavior, often unresponsiveness, low anxiety, and high avoidance?
Answer
The parenting style associated with inconsistent behavior, often unresponsiveness, low anxiety, and high avoidance is Ambivalent Resistant Attachment.
6
Question
Describe enmeshed adults who grew up as ambivalent resistant attachment individuals.
Answer
Enmeshed adults who grew up as ambivalent resistant attachment individuals are generally anxious, cling to the caregiver then push them away when comforted, and cannot turn their attention away from attachment relationships.
7
Question
What is disorganized disoriented attachment characterized by?
Answer
Disorganized disoriented attachment is characterized by lacking a cohesive strategy to deal with stress, showing contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected behaviors, and having psycho pathological tendencies.
8
Question
What parenting style is associated with being frightened and frightening, high avoidance, and high anxiety?
Answer
The parenting style associated with being frightened and frightening, high avoidance, and high anxiety is Disorganized Disoriented Attachment.
9
Question
What are the characteristics of children who were classified as securely attached in terms of their relationships with peers and teachers in later childhood?
Answer
Children who were classified as securely attached were more likely to have better relationships with peers and teachers in later childhood compared to those classified as insecure.
10
Question
According to Bowlby, how do attachment styles develop?
Answer
According to Bowlby, attachment styles result from repeated interactions with a caregiver.
11
Question
What is stranger anxiety in infants?
Answer
Stranger anxiety in infants is the wariness of a person she does not know.
12
Question
What is separation protest in infants?
Answer
Separation protest in infants is crying when the caregiver leaves.
13
Question
What is mutual regulation in the context of attachment?
Answer
Mutual regulation is the ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states.
14
Question
What are the five stages of attachment development according to Bowlby?
Answer
The five stages of attachment development are: Stage 1 (birth to 3 months), Stage 2 (3 to 6 months), Stage 3 (6 to 9 months), Stage 4 (9 to 12 months), and Stage 5 (12 months and older).
15
Question
Describe Stage 1 of attachment development according to Bowlby.
Answer
In Stage 1 (birth to 3 months), infants use sucking, rooting, grasping, smiling, etc., to maintain closeness with caregivers.
16
Question
Describe Stage 2 of attachment development according to Bowlby.
Answer
In Stage 2 (3 to 6 months), infants are more responsive to familiar figures than to strangers and are responsive to mama only.
17
Question
What activates the attachment system in a child according to Attachment Theory?
Answer
When the child is frightened or separated from the mother.
18
Question
What is the primary drive in Attachment Theory?
Answer
The need to form attachment to one significant person.
19
Question
What is the Internal Working Model of Attachment based on?
Answer
Repeated attachment experiences where the child develops expectations about the availability and responsiveness of the mother.
20
Question
What is Separation Anxiety in Attachment Theory?
Answer
Distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, leading to protest and resistance to soothing from others.
21
Question
What happens during the Despair stage in Attachment Theory?
Answer
The infant becomes quiet, sad, passive, and apathetic when the separation from the caregiver is prolonged.
22
Question
What is Detachment in Attachment Theory?
Answer
Infants become emotionally detached from other people.
23
Question
What is the focus of the Psychological Birth theory in relation to attachment?
Answer
Independence and the transition from complete dependency to relative independence both physically and psychologically.
24
Question
At what age does the Separation Individuation phase typically occur?
Answer
Between 5 to 24 months.
25
Question
What is Differentiation in the Separation Individuation process?
Answer
When the child first gains awareness that he or she is separate from the mother, usually around 5 to 10 months.
26
Question
What is Practicing in the Separation Individuation process?
Answer
When the child gains motor skills that enable independent exploration, typically around 10 to 16-18 months.
27
Question
What is Rapprochement in the Separation Individuation process?
Answer
When the child becomes anxious about separation and regains closeness to the mother, typically around 18 to 24 months.
28
Question
What is Object Constancy in the Separation Individuation process?
Answer
The development of an internalized mental model of the mother.
29
Question
Differentiation occurs when the child first gains awareness that he or she is separate from the mother
Answer
1. 5-10 months
30
Question
Practicing occurs when child becomes a toddler gaining motor skills that enable the child to explore the world independently from his or her caregivers
Answer
2. 10-16/18 months
View
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is one condition commonly faced by preterm babies related to the lack of surfactant lung coating substance?
Answer
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
2
Question
What is a common characteristic of postmature babies?
Answer
They tend to be long because they have kept growing in the womb but had an insufficient blood supply towards the end of gestation.
3
Question
What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
Answer
Crib death, sudden death of an infant under age 1, the cause of death remains unexplained.
4
Question
What are critical issues related to physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development during prenatal development?
Answer
Miscarriages, stillbirth, teratogens, critical period, teratology.
5
Question
What is a teratogen and when are its effects worst during prenatal development?
Answer
A teratogen is an environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development. Its effects are worst during the critical period when the organs are developing rapidly.
6
Question
What is teratology?
Answer
Field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects.
7
Question
What is a critical period in prenatal development?
Answer
A time during which the developing organism is specially sensitive to environmental influences, positive or negative.
8
Question
What are some risks overweight women face during pregnancy?
Answer
Longer deliveries, need for more health care services, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, birth defects, etc.
9
Question
What are some recommended nutrients for the development of the nervous system during pregnancy?
Answer
Omega-3, DHA, Folic Acid.
10
Question
What is Spina Bifida?
Answer
Neural tube fails to close, part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column, leading to neurological problems.
11
Question
What is Anencephaly?
Answer
Lethal defect in which the main portion of the brain above the brain stem failed to develop.
12
Question
What are neural tube defects and when do they occur during conception?
Answer
Defects where the neural tube fails to close, occurring 25-29 days after conception, more common due to deficiency in folic acid.
13
Question
What are some risks associated with tobacco use during pregnancy?
Answer
Higher risks of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips, cleft palates, CNS impairment, respiratory infections, breathing difficulties, SIDS, mild cognitive difficulties, conduct, and behavior problems.
14
Question
What are some risks associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Answer
Disrupts hormone functions of the placenta, disrupts normal neuronal migration process, leading to various outcomes depending on the severity of the effects.
15
Question
What factors can impair the oxygen and nutrients reaching the fetus?
Answer
Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, cocaine, opioids, caffeine, rubella, toxoplasmosis, stress, anxiety, depression, air pollution, radiation, chemicals, X-rays, lead exposure, mercury exposure, environmental toxins
16
Question
What are the effects of maternal smoking on the fetus?
Answer
Low birth weight, higher risks of respiratory infections, breathing difficulties, SIDS, mild cognitive difficulties, conduct and behavior problems
17
Question
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) characterized by?
Answer
Retarded growth, face and body malformations, disorders of the central nervous system, smaller and lighter than normal children with physical growth lagging behind
18
Question
How does cocaine impact the fetus?
Answer
Causes spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, fetal malnourishment, retarded growth, low birth weight, deficits in information processing and sensory motor skills
19
Question
What are the effects of opioids on babies born to drug-addicted mothers?
Answer
Small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, aspiration of meconium, withdrawal symptoms such as sleep disturbance, tremors, irritability, crying
20
Question
What are the risks associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
Answer
Slightly increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies
21
Question
What are the potential consequences of Rubella infection during pregnancy?
Answer
Deafness, heart defects in babies
22
Question
How is Toxoplasmosis transmitted and what are its effects on fetal development?
Answer
Caused by a parasite in the bodies of animals, leading to fetal brain damage, impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage
23
Question
In what ways can diabetic mothers affect their babies' health?
Answer
Babies may have heart and neural tube defects if the mother has diabetes
24
Question
How do stress and anxiety during pregnancy impact newborns?
Answer
Associated with more irritable and active temperament in newborns, chronic stress can lead to preterm delivery
25
Question
What developmental issues can be caused by exposure to environmental toxins during fetal development?
Answer
Asthma, allergies, lupus, abnormal sperm quality, low birth weight babies, slowed fetal growth, blindness, birth defects, genetic problems
26
Question
What is Neonate Abstinence Syndrome and what are its symptoms?
Answer
Withdrawal symptoms experienced by babies born to drug-addicted mothers, including sleep disturbance, tremors, irritability, crying
27
Question
Exposure to Mercury could cause what health issue?
Answer
Blindness
28
Question
What are some birth defects that older fathers may contribute to due to damaged or deteriorated sperm?
Answer
Dwarfism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ASD
29
Question
What is the process of extracting fetal DNA from the mother's blood for early detection of genetic problems?
Answer
Prenatal cell free DNA scans
30
Question
What is the term for the inability to get pregnant even after a year of trying?
Answer
Infertility
View
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
What is the term for the time out from developmental pressures that allows young people the freedom to experiment with various roles and lifestyles in emerging adulthood?
Answer
Moratorium
2
Question
What is the term for the process that underlies the shift to an adult identity in young adulthood?
Answer
Recentering
3
Question
At what stage in young adulthood does an individual begin to experience increased expectations for self-reliance and self-directedness while still being embedded in the family of origin?
Answer
Stage 1 Beginning
4
Question
At what stage in young adulthood does an individual remain connected to but no longer embedded within the family of origin?
Answer
Stage 2 During
5
Question
By what approximate age in young adulthood do individuals typically experience marked independence from the family of origin and commitment to a career, partner, and possibly children?
Answer
Usually by Age 30
6
Question
What is the term for a self-conscious crisis that ideally leads to a resolution and identity achievement status in young adulthood?
Answer
Moratorium
7
Question
What do positive parent-child relationships during early adolescence predict for children when they reach age 26?
Answer
Warmer and less conflicted relationships with both parents
8
Question
What is the view of young adults who fail to launch and do not move out of their parents' homes as selfish slackers who refuse to grow up largely inaccurate?
Answer
Yes
9
Question
What are normative stage models in young adulthood?
Answer
Theoretical approaches that hold that adults follow a basic sequence of age-related psychosocial changes
10
Question
According to Erikson, what is the crisis and virtue developed during young adulthood?
Answer
Intimacy vs Isolation Love
11
Question
What is the maladaptive tendency related to becoming intimate too freely and too easily called?
Answer
Promiscuity
12
Question
What is the malignant tendency related to isolating oneself from everyone called?
Answer
Exclusion
13
Question
What is the social clock in young adulthood?
Answer
Society's norms for the appropriate timing of life events
14
Question
What are the five factors in McCrae's Five Factor Model of personality?
Answer
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
15
Question
What are the three attachment styles in adulthood?
Answer
Secure, Avoidant, Anxious
16
Question
What are the three attachment styles in relationships?
Answer
Secure, Avoidant, Anxious
17
Question
What are the characteristics of individuals with a secure attachment style?
Answer
Positive views in relationships, easy to get close to others, not overly concerned about romantic relationships
18
Question
What are the characteristics of individuals with an avoidant attachment style?
Answer
Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships, distance themselves once they do, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, possessive
19
Question
What are the emotional stages of retirement according to developmental psychology?
Answer
Pre-Retirement Planning, Honeymoon Phase, Disenchantment Phase, Reorientation, Stability Phase
20
Question
What is the critical time for setting up for success in retirement according to developmental psychology?
Answer
Pre-Retirement Planning
21
Question
What is the phase where retirees enjoy newfound freedom and retirement after planning for it?
Answer
Honeymoon Phase
22
Question
What characterizes the Disenchantment Phase of retirement according to developmental psychology?
Answer
Feeling restless, aimless, bored, worn out, clarity-seeking, introspection work, emotional downsides like loneliness and disillusionment
23
Question
Which phase of retirement involves redefining oneself and finding new purpose in retirement?
Answer
Reorientation
24
Question
What is the approximate age range for middle adulthood according to developmental psychology?
Answer
40-65 years
25
Question
What crisis and virtue is associated with middle adulthood according to developmental psychology?
Answer
Generativity vs Stagnation, Care
26
Question
What are the characteristics of generativity according to developmental psychology?
Answer
Finding meaning through contributing to society, leaving a legacy for future generations
27
Question
What are the maladaptive tendencies associated with stagnation in middle adulthood according to developmental psychology?
Answer
Overextension, Rejectivity
28
Question
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last and what conflicts does it involve?
Answer
Lasts about five years, involves conflicts of being young vs old, destructive vs constructive, masculine vs feminine, attached vs separated from others
29
Question
What is the argument about midlife as a crisis in developmental psychology?
Answer
Middle-aged adults are suspended between past and future, facing major conflicts and transitions
30
Question
What are the four major conflicts that adult males need to come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood according to Levinson?
Answer
1. Young vs old 2. Destructive vs constructive 3. Masculine vs feminine 4. Attached to others vs separated from them
View
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
Study
1
Question
Linked to stimulation or damage of various brain areas, most notably in bilateral frontal and occipital areas. Generally experienced as positive as a result of the release of endorphins.
Answer
Endorphin release in response to brain stimulation or damage.
2
Question
What is grief and how is it generally experienced?
Answer
Grief is the emotional response that follows closely on the heels of death. It is generally experienced as a result of the release of endorphins.
3
Question
What is grief work and what is the typical path it follows?
Answer
Grief work is the process of working out psychological issues connected with grief. It typically follows the path of shock and disbelief, preoccupation with the memory of the dead person, and resolution.
4
Question
Explain the Recovery Pattern in response to grief.
Answer
The Recovery Pattern involves the mourner going from high to low distress as they work through their grief.
5
Question
What is the Delayed Grief response to loss?
Answer
Delayed Grief is when there is moderate or elevated initial grief, and symptoms worsen over time.
6
Question
Define the Dual Process Model in grief response.
Answer
The Dual Process Model involves both Confrontation, where individuals actively grieve their loss, and Restoration, where they focus on moving forward.
7
Question
What is Resilience in the context of grief?
Answer
Resilience refers to the mourner showing a low and gradually diminishing level of grief in response to the death of a loved one.
8
Question
What understanding of death do children typically have by age 4?
Answer
By age 4, children build a partial understanding of the biological nature of death.
9
Question
How do preschool-aged children believe death can be reversed?
Answer
Preschool-aged children believe that death can be reversed by praying, magic, or wishful thinking.
10
Question
What do most children understand about death by the time they start school?
Answer
By the time children start school, most understand the permanence and universality of death.
11
Question
What is a common response in humans undergoing threat to reduce anxiety?
Answer
Seeking comfort from loved ones
12
Question
What is brain death?
Answer
A neurological condition where all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time
13
Question
What is the difference in the time it takes for higher portions of the brain to die compared to lower parts during brain death?
Answer
Higher portions die sooner, facilitating breathing and heartbeat even when the brain is dead
14
Question
Define suicide as a deliberate choice in mature adults to end their life.
Answer
A deliberate choice of a time to end life, considered rational and a defended right
15
Question
What is euthanasia and what are the two main types?
Answer
Euthanasia is an intended end to suffering or to allow a terminally ill person to die with dignity. Types include passive (withholding treatment) and active (directly shortening life)
16
Question
What is an advance directive and what is another name for it?
Answer
Instructions for discontinuing futile medical care. Also known as a living will or durable power of attorney
17
Question
Explain assisted suicide.
Answer
When a physician or someone else helps a person bring about a self-inflicted death
18
Question
Define life review.
Answer
A process of reminiscing that allows a person to see the significance of their life
19
Question
What is denial in the context of coping with diagnosis?
Answer
Positive avoidance where a person rejects evidence about their diagnosis
20
Question
Describe the 'Fighting Spirit' coping response to a diagnosis.
Answer
Maintaining an optimistic attitude and seeking more information about the disease
21
Question
What are the four patterns of response to loss and recovery?
Answer
Immediately following the loss with rapid recovery, Chronic distress continues at a high level over several years, Delayed feels little distress in the first few months but high levels of distress some months or years later, Absent person feels no notable level of distress either immediately or at any later time
22
Question
What are some expected developmental tasks during infancy and toddlerhood?
Answer
Reflex behavior, primitive reflexes, postural reflexes, locomotor reflexes, early reflexes, Moro reflex, Darwinian grasping, tonic neck, fencer position, hand-eye coordination, walking, swimming, motor and talking development
23
Question
When do infants' brains respond preferentially to speech?
Answer
At 4 months old
24
Question
What is the first sense to develop in infants?
Answer
Touch
25
Question
What abilities do infants develop in the first month of life?
Answer
Turn their head from side to side, start to coo and play with speech sounds, exhibit grasping reflex
26
Question
What can babies do in the second and third months of life?
Answer
Lift their heads, grasp moderate-sized objects, match voices to faces, distinguish between female and male, discriminate between faces of different ethnic groups, develop size constancy
27
Question
What milestones can babies achieve in the fourth month of life?
Answer
Keep their heads erect while being held or supported, roll over accidentally, start reaching for objects
28
Question
What can babies do by the sixth month of life?
Answer
Cannot sit without support, start creeping or crawling, successfully reach for objects in the dark, localize or detect sounds, recognize sound patterns, and phonemes
29
Question
What milestones can babies reach by the seventh month of life?
Answer
Manifest pincer grasps, start standing, sit independently, babbling
30
Question
What are the developments in infants by the eighth month of life?
Answer
Assume sitting position without help, learn to pull themselves up and hold on to a chair
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1
Question
What is the association between frustration cry and autonomic system activity in infants during stressful procedures?
Answer
Frustration cry with higher pitch and more monotonic vocalization is associated with autonomic system activity during stressful procedures in infants.
2
Question
What is social smiling in newborn infants?
Answer
Newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents smile that occurs in response to external stimulus at 2 months of age.
3
Question
What is reflexive smile in infants?
Answer
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth.
4
Question
What is anticipatory smiling in infants?
Answer
Infants smile at an object then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile.
5
Question
When do self-conscious emotions arise in children?
Answer
Self-conscious emotions arise only after children have developed self-awareness.
6
Question
Define altruistic behavior.
Answer
Altruistic behavior is acting out of concern with no expectation of reward.
7
Question
What do mirror neurons underlie?
Answer
Mirror neurons underlie empathy and altruism.
8
Question
What is temperament?
Answer
Temperament is an early appearing biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in predictable ways, considered as the raw materials of personality.
9
Question
Describe easy children in terms of temperament.
Answer
Easy children are generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences.
10
Question
Describe difficult children in terms of temperament.
Answer
Difficult children are more irritable and harder to please, slow to warm up to new people and situations.
11
Question
What are the dimensions of temperament?
Answer
The dimensions of temperament include activity level, biological rhythmicity, approach withdrawal, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, persistence/attention span, distractibility, threshold of responsiveness, and negative affect.
12
Question
What is goodness of fit in child development?
Answer
Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands and constraints the child must deal with.
13
Question
What are kinetic cues based on in visual perception?
Answer
Kinetic cues in visual perception rely on movement.
14
Question
What are monocular cues based on in visual perception?
Answer
Monocular cues in visual perception are based on one eye.
15
Question
What are binocular cues based on in visual perception?
Answer
Binocular cues in visual perception are based on both eyes.
16
Question
What can a 6-year-old do in terms of physical development?
Answer
Descend a long stairway unaided, run hard, and enjoy races with others
17
Question
What can a 6-year-old do in terms of cognitive development?
Answer
Count to 20 or more, understand the relative sizes of numbers 1 through 10, have adult-like speech, understand the public aspects of emotions
18
Question
At what age does a child's brain reach 90% of its peak volume?
Answer
6 years old
19
Question
How many words does a 6-year-old typically have in their expressive vocabulary?
Answer
2600 words
20
Question
At what age do permanent teeth begin to appear in children?
Answer
6 years old
21
Question
What is the concept of handedness in children?
Answer
The preference of using one hand over the other; left-handedness can run in families
22
Question
What is preoperational thought in children and when does it typically occur?
Answer
The beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior; occurs between ages 2 and 4
23
Question
What is deferred imitation in children?
Answer
Imitating an action at some point after observing it
24
Question
What is pretend play in children and when does it occur?
Answer
Fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary play using an object to represent something else; occurs between ages 2 and 4
25
Question
What is intuitive thought in children and when does it typically occur?
Answer
Using primitive reasoning and wanting to know the answers to questions; occurs around 4-7 years of age
26
Question
What is transduction in children according to Piaget?
Answer
Mentally linking two events, especially events close in time, regardless of a logical causal relationship
27
Question
What is conservation in children according to Piaget?
Answer
The understanding that two things remain equal even if their appearance is altered, as long as nothing is added or taken away
28
Question
What is theory of mind in children?
Answer
The awareness of human mental states and understanding that others have their own, allowing the prediction of behavior and making the social world understandable
29
Question
What is fast mapping in language development of children?
Answer
The ability to pick up the approximate meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation
30
Question
What is syntax in language development of children?
Answer
Involves the rules for putting together sentences in a particular language
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What may stress lead young adults to engage in?
Answer
Risky behaviors, unhealthy eating, poor quality of sleep, etc.
2
Question
What is Emotion-Focused Coping?
Answer
Managing emotions by refusing to think about an issue or reframing the event in a positive light.
3
Question
What is Problem-Focused Coping?
Answer
Involves addressing an issue head-on and developing action-oriented ways of managing and changing a bad situation.
4
Question
What is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
Answer
A disorder that produces physical discomfort and emotional tension for up to 2 weeks before the menstrual period, more typical in women in their 30s or older.
5
Question
What is Dysmenorrhea?
Answer
Pain caused by contractions of the uterus set in motion by prostaglandin.
6
Question
What is Infertility?
Answer
Inability to conceive a baby; common causes in women include failure to produce ova, mucus in the cervix, or disease of the uterine lining.
7
Question
What is Reflective Thinking?
Answer
Active, persistent, and careful consideration of information or beliefs, continually questioning facts, drawing inferences, and making connections.
8
Question
What happens in the brain around 20-25 years of age?
Answer
The brain forms new neurons, synapses, dendritic connections, and the cortical regions that handle higher-level thinking become fully myelinated.
9
Question
What is Postformal Thought characterized by?
Answer
The ability to deal with inconsistency, contradiction, and compromise, drawing on intuition, emotion, and logic to cope with situations like social dilemmas.
10
Question
What is the Achieving Stage in Schaie's Lifespan Model of Cognitive Development?
Answer
Late teens or early twenties to thirties; individuals use what they know to pursue goals.
11
Question
What is the Responsible Stage in Schaie's Lifespan Model of Cognitive Development?
Answer
Late 30s to early 60s; individuals use their minds to solve practical problems associated with responsibilities to others.
12
Question
What is the Executive Stage in Schaie's Lifespan Model of Cognitive Development?
Answer
30s or 40s through middle age; individuals are responsible for societal systems or social movements.
13
Question
What is the Reintegrative Stage in Schaie's Lifespan Model of Cognitive Development?
Answer
Late Adulthood; individuals focus on the purpose of what they do and concentrate on meaningful tasks.
14
Question
What is Emotional Intelligence?
Answer
Refers to the abilities to perceive, use, understand, and manage or regulate emotions to achieve goals.
15
Question
In Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality, how do people make moral decisions?
Answer
On the basis of universal principles of justice.
16
Question
How does culture affect development?
Answer
Culture affects development in various ways, influencing beliefs, values, behaviors, and social norms.
17
Question
What is Tacit Knowledge?
Answer
Inside information, know-how, hacks not formally taught or openly expressed, commonsense knowledge of how to get ahead.
18
Question
What is Emotional Intelligence?
Answer
Refers to the abilities to perceive, use, understand, and manage or regulate emotions to achieve goals.
19
Question
According to Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality, what influences moral decisions?
Answer
People make moral decisions on the basis of universal principles of justice.
20
Question
What is the Spillover Hypothesis related to cognitive gains?
Answer
States that cognitive gains from work carry over to nonworking hours.
21
Question
What are the three elements of love according to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
Answer
Intimacy, passion, and commitment.
22
Question
What type of love involves commitment only and is found in long-term relationships without intimacy and passion?
Answer
Empty Love.
23
Question
What type of love involves intimacy and commitment but no physical attraction?
Answer
Companionate Love.
24
Question
What is the main difference between Romantic Love and Companionate Love?
Answer
Romantic Love involves passion and intimacy only, while Companionate Love involves intimacy and commitment.
25
Question
What type of love involves passion and commitment only, without intimacy?
Answer
Fatuous Love.
26
Question
What do Friends With Benefits relationships involve?
Answer
Friendships blended with physical intimacy but little commitment.
27
Question
What is Fatuous Love?
Answer
Passion and Commitment only, without physical attraction
28
Question
What is Romantic Love?
Answer
Passion and Intimacy only, without commitment
29
Question
What is Consummate Love?
Answer
Combination of Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment, all three components completed
30
Question
Why do some young adults stay single according to the text?
Answer
Some have not found the right mate, while others are single by choice
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TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the definition of Very Low Birth Weight infants?
Answer
Infants weighing less than 3 pounds 4 ounces at birth
2
Question
Define Extremely Low Birth Weight infants.
Answer
Infants weighing less than 2 pounds at birth
3
Question
What is the term for infants born three weeks or more before reaching full term pregnancy (before 37 weeks of gestation)?
Answer
Preterm Infants
4
Question
What is the term for infants who have a birth weight below normal for their gestational age?
Answer
Small for Date Infants or Small for Gestational Age Infants
5
Question
How can progestin help in reducing preterm birth?
Answer
Progestin might help in reducing preterm birth
6
Question
What is the definition of Extremely Preterm infants?
Answer
Infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation
7
Question
Describe Kangaroo Care.
Answer
It involves skin-to-skin contact where the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest to help stabilize the preterm's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing
8
Question
What is Nonorganic Failure to Thrive?
Answer
Slowed or arrested physical growth in infants with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning
9
Question
What is Shaken Baby Syndrome?
Answer
A condition where a baby has weak neck muscles and a large, heavy head, and shaking them causes the brain to bounce back and forth inside the skull
10
Question
What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preterm babies?
Answer
It is a condition where there is a lack of surfactant, a lung coating substance that keeps air sacs from collapsing, in preterm babies
11
Question
What are Postmature Babies?
Answer
Babies who are born long because they have continued growing in the womb but had insufficient blood supply towards the end of gestation
12
Question
Define Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Answer
It is the sudden death of an infant under age 1, the cause of which remains unexplained
13
Question
What are some common causes of death in early childhood?
Answer
Car accidents, cancer, congenital abnormalities, chromosomal disorders, assault, heart disease, respiratory disease, and septicemia
14
Question
What are some contextual factors linked to brain development in children?
Answer
Poverty and parenting quality are linked to the development of the brain
15
Question
What are the types of Child Maltreatment listed?
Answer
1. Physical Abuse (infliction of physical injury) 2. Child Neglect (failure to provide child's basic needs) 3. Sexual Abuse 4. Emotional Abuse (acts or omissions causing serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems)
16
Question
What is the importance of access to proper dental care in middle and late childhood?
Answer
Access to proper dental care is important as tooth decay remains one of the most common chronic untreated conditions
17
Question
What are the types of child maltreatment?
Answer
1. Physical Abuse: infliction of physical injury 2. Child Neglect: failure to provide child's basic needs 3. Sexual Abuse 4. Emotional Abuse: acts or omissions by parents or caregivers that cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
18
Question
What are the factors that affect children's sleep?
Answer
Exposure to media screens, Physical inactivity, Secondhand smoke, Poor housing, Vandalism, Lack of parks and playgrounds, Persistent snoring at least 3 times a week indicating sleep disordered breathing
19
Question
What are the causes of obesity in children?
Answer
Overweight parents or relatives, Poor nutrition, Eating fast food, Sugar consumption, Inactivity
20
Question
What are the characteristics of asthma and diabetes in children?
Answer
Asthma: chronic allergy-based respiratory disease with sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and breathing difficulty Diabetes: characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defective insulin production or action
21
Question
What are the common chronic medical conditions in children?
Answer
Physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions persisting 3 months or more, such as asthma and diabetes
22
Question
What is ADHD and its prevalence in childhood?
Answer
ADHD is the most common mental disorder in childhood, characterized by difficulties in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
23
Question
What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Answer
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) includes Autistic Disorder with severe developmental issues onset before age 3, and Asperger Syndrome with milder symptoms
24
Question
ASD that has onset during the first 3 years of life
Answer
Early onset autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
25
Question
Parenting Style: Authoritarian
Answer
Emphasizes control and unquestioning obedience, high control, low responsiveness
26
Question
Altruism
Answer
Motivation to help another person with no expectation of reward
27
Question
Prosocial Behavior
Answer
Voluntary positive actions to help others
28
Question
Instrumental Aggression
Answer
Using aggression as a tool to gain access to a wanted object
29
Question
Overt Direct Aggression
Answer
Boys tend to openly direct aggressive acts at a target
30
Question
Relational Aggression
Answer
More subtle indirect social aggression
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TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
The classic stress response fight or flight may be more characteristic of which gender?
Answer
Men
2
Question
What hormone plays a part in activating the fight or flight response?
Answer
Testosterone
3
Question
How does the brain interact with the body's biological systems?
Answer
It interacts with all of the body's biological systems.
4
Question
What affects bodily functions, including the functioning of the immune system?
Answer
Feelings and beliefs
5
Question
What is a midlife crisis characterized by?
Answer
Changes in personality and lifestyle during the middle forties
6
Question
People who experience a midlife crisis may also have crises at other times in their lives. True or False?
Answer
True
7
Question
What is a turning point in psychology characterized by?
Answer
A significant change or transformation in the perceived meaning, purpose, or direction of a person's life
8
Question
What can trigger a turning point in psychology?
Answer
Major life events, normative changes, or a new understanding of past experience
9
Question
What is the most common pattern for marriages in terms of ending?
Answer
Marriages broken by death and survivors remarrying
10
Question
Describe the developmental sequence of marriages.
Answer
Initial sharp declines in marriage satisfaction followed by a plateau, then further slower declines over the longer term
11
Question
What is one negative impact of marital satisfaction?
Answer
The birth of a child
12
Question
Are sexually satisfied couples generally satisfied with their marriages?
Answer
Yes
13
Question
Are relationships more stable for older adults who cohabitate compared to younger adults?
Answer
Yes
14
Question
What is associated with higher divorce rates at middle age?
Answer
Divorce is associated with elevated chances of chronic health conditions and mortality in both sexes, especially in men
15
Question
What is marital capital?
Answer
The longer a couple is married, the more likely they are to have built up joint financial assets, share the same friends, go through important experiences together, and get used to the emotional benefits that marriage can provide
16
Question
How is marriage associated with health promotion behaviors?
Answer
Marriage is associated with the encouragement of health-promoting behaviors
17
Question
What factor affects relationship quality in gays and lesbians?
Answer
Whether they have internalized society's negative views on homosexuality
18
Question
What is the empty nest phase in a marriage?
Answer
Occurs when the youngest child leaves home, which may increase marital satisfaction in a good marriage
19
Question
What is the Revolving Door Syndrome or Boomerang Phenomenon?
Answer
Returning to parents' home, sometimes with their own families
20
Question
What may prolonged parenting lead to in terms of intergenerational relationships?
Answer
Intergenerational tension when it contradicts parents' normative expectations
21
Question
What is the Endocrine Theory of aging?
Answer
Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging
22
Question
What is the Immunological Theory of aging?
Answer
Programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and aging
23
Question
What is the Evolutionary Theory of aging?
Answer
Aging is an evolved trait where genes that promote reproduction are selected over genes that extend lives
24
Question
What is the Variable Rate Theories of aging?
Answer
Aging results from random processes that vary from person to person
25
Question
What is the Wear and Tear Theory of aging?
Answer
Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out over time, leading to aging
26
Question
What is the Free Radical Theory of aging?
Answer
Accumulated damage from oxygen radicals causes cells and organs to stop functioning
27
Question
What is the Rate of Living Theory of aging?
Answer
Organisms with a higher rate of metabolism tend to have shorter lifespans
28
Question
What is the Autoimmune Theory of aging?
Answer
The immune system becomes confused and attacks the body's own cells
29
Question
What is the Survival Curve used for in aging studies?
Answer
It represents the percentage of people or animals alive at various ages
30
Question
What is Reserve Capacity in the context of aging?
Answer
It is the backup capacity that helps body systems function at their utmost limits in times of stress
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1
Question
What are the four types of death seekers in suicide according to the text?
Answer
Death Seekers, Death Initiators, Death Ignorers, Death Darers
2
Question
What is subintentional death?
Answer
A death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role
3
Question
According to the text, what is the 11th cause of death in the US?
Answer
Suicide
4
Question
Define suicidal ideation.
Answer
Thinking seriously about suicide
5
Question
What is the formulation of a specific method for killing oneself called?
Answer
Suicidal Plans
6
Question
In Emile Durkheim's classification of suicide types, what does altruistic suicide involve?
Answer
Formalized suicides that bring dishonor to self, family, or society
7
Question
What type of suicide is characterized by loss of social supports as an important provocation for suicide?
Answer
Egoistic suicide
8
Question
According to Freud, what does suicide indicate in terms of unconscious hostility?
Answer
Directed inward to the self rather than outward to the person or situation causing the anger
9
Question
How is low levels of serotonin associated with suicide?
Answer
Linked with impulsivity, instability, and the tendency to overreact to situations
10
Question
What factor increases the risk of suicide if a family member has committed suicide?
Answer
Increased risk for someone else in the family to also commit suicide
11
Question
What is the common triggering factor for suicide mentioned in the text?
Answer
Stressful events, mood and thought changes, alcohol and other drug use, mental disorders
TOS_Outline_DevPsych_Final.pdf Flashcards
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1
Question
What are the different types of death seekers in terms of suicide intent?
Answer
Death Seekers clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide. May last only a short time.
2
Question
What characterizes death initiators in terms of suicide intent?
Answer
Death Initiators clearly intend to end their lives but they act out of a belief that the process is already under the way and that they are simply hastening the process.
3
Question
Describe Death Ignorers in terms of their belief about self-inflicted death.
Answer
Death Ignorers do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence.
4
Question
What is characteristic of Death Darers in terms of their intent to die during a suicide attempt?
Answer
Death Darers experience mixed feelings or ambivalence about their intent to die even at the moment of their attempt and they show this ambivalence in the act itself. Their risk-taking behavior does not guarantee death.
5
Question
What is subintentional death?
Answer
Subintentional Death is a death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role.
6
Question
According to Emile Durkheim, what are the different types of suicide?
Answer
Altruistic (formalized suicides dishonor to self, family, or society), Egoistic (loss of social supports as an important provocation for suicide), Anomic (result of marked disruptions such as sudden loss of job), Fatalistic (loss of control over one's destiny).
7
Question
What did Freud believe suicide indicated in terms of hostility?
Answer
Freud believed that suicide indicated unconscious hostility directed inward to the self rather than outward to the person or situation causing the anger.
8
Question
How is low serotonin levels associated with suicide and violent suicide attempts?
Answer
Low levels of serotonin are associated with suicide and with violent suicide attempts. Low levels of serotonin are linked with impulsivity, instability, and the tendency to overreact to situations.
9
Question
What is a common triggering factor for suicide according to the text?
Answer
Common triggering factors include stressful events, mood and thought changes, alcohol and other drug use, mental disorders, and modeling.