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IS LAB
MIDTERMS
Hepatitis
Study
1
Question
What family does Hepatitis A belong to?
Answer
Picornaviridae
2
Question
What is the main objective of the activity described in the text?
Answer
Demonstrate specimen preparation, perform method in detecting HBsAg using immunochromatography, and analyze test results with clinical signs and symptoms.
3
Question
What are the primary causative agents of hepatitis discussed in the text?
Answer
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites
4
Question
What factors can cause hepatitis according to Sir Fortuny in the text?
Answer
Chronic alcoholism, excessive intake of alcohol, toxins, drugs (such as Paracetamol), radiation
5
Question
What are the initial laboratory findings in viral hepatitis described in the text?
Answer
Elevations in bilirubin and liver enzymes, hepatomegaly, tenderness, jaundice, dark urine, light feces
6
Question
What specific serological or molecular tests are recommended to identify the cause of hepatitis definitively?
Answer
Specific serological or molecular tests
7
Question
What specific tests must be followed to identify the cause of liver inflammation more definitively?
Answer
Specific serological or molecular tests
8
Question
What are the possible clinical symptoms of liver inflammation?
Answer
Liver infection, Hepatomegaly, Tenderness, Jaundice, Dark urine, Light feces
9
Question
What are the initial laboratory findings that typically indicate liver inflammation?
Answer
Elevations in bilirubin, Total direct bilirubin, Total indirect bilirubin, Delta bilirubin
10
Question
How can a medical technologist detect the origin of increased bilirubin levels?
Answer
Based on the different values of total direct, total indirect, and delta bilirubin
11
Question
What are the notable liver enzymes associated with viral hepatitis?
Answer
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
12
Question
What condition causes an increase in the level of bilirubin and liver enzymes?
Answer
Viral hepatitis
13
Question
What is the transmission route of Hepatitis A?
Answer
Fecal-oral route, person-to-person contact, sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water
14
Question
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?
Answer
20-50 days, average of 28 days
15
Question
What are the clinical symptoms of Hepatitis A?
Answer
Fatigue, Nausea, Vomiting, Fever, Chills, Jaundice, Skin discoloration, Pain felt at the upper right back, Dark urine, Light-colored stool
16
Question
What is the nature of the Hepatitis B virus genome?
Answer
Double-stranded DNA
17
Question
What is the transmission route of Hepatitis B?
Answer
Parenteral route, blood transfusion, sharing of needles and syringes, perinatal route, occupational needle stick injury
18
Question
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?
Answer
45 to 90 days
19
Question
What are the tests for Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs)?
Answer
Hepatitis B (Hepa B), Hepatitis C (Hepa C), Syphilis, HIV I and II, Malaria
20
Question
Why are medical technologists required to have complete doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine before clinical internship?
Answer
For additional safety and to prevent infection in case of occupational needle stick injuries
21
Question
What is the nature of the Hepatitis A virus genome?
Answer
Single-stranded RNA
22
Question
What is the life cycle of Hepatitis B in hepatocytes?
Answer
Interaction between the virus and hepatocyte, viral entry and uncoating, virus goes to the nucleus, DNA transcription, RNA translation into proteins, viral replication, viral secretion to neighboring cells and bloodstream.
23
Question
What is the ground glass appearance of liver cells seen in chronic Hepatitis B infection?
Answer
Histological hallmark of chronic hepatitis B infection, described as granular homogenous eosinophilic staining.
24
Question
What are the serological markers for acute hepatitis B and their characteristics?
Answer
HBsAg (detectable first), HBeAg (becomes undetectable first), Anti HBc total (first antibody detectable), Anti HBc IgM (first antibody undetectable), Anti HBs (persists throughout the life of the patient).
25
Question
What are the transmission routes of Hepatitis C?
Answer
Mainly through exposure to contaminated blood, body piercing, tattooing, and perinatal transmission.
26
Question
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of Hepatitis C?
Answer
Pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and itching.
27
Question
What is Hepatitis D (Delta Hepatitis) and how does it occur?
Answer
Single Stranded RNA virus surrounded by a viral envelope of HBV origin, can only occur in the presence of Hepatitis B (co-infection with acute HBV infection or superinfection of Hepatitis B).
28
Question
What is Hepatitis E and how is it transmitted?
Answer
Single-stranded RNA virus, non-enveloped, transmitted through the fecal-oral route, mostly due to contaminated water, with an incubation period of 3 to 8 weeks.
29
Question
What is Hepatitis D also known as?
Answer
Delta Hepatitis
30
Question
What type of RNA does Hepatitis D have?
Answer
Single Stranded RNA
PPD Skin Test
Study
1
Question
What should be avoided after injection?
Answer
Exposure to soap and water, scratching, rubbing, or touching, and PPD solution must not enter the subcutaneous gland
2
Question
How many hours after you read the result?
Answer
72 hours
3
Question
What does PPD stand for in the context of the skin test?
Answer
Purified Protein Derivative
4
Question
What does a Purified Protein Derivative Skin Test determine in a patient?
Answer
If the patient has Tuberculosis (TB)
5
Question
What is TB, and what causes it?
Answer
TB is a serious infection usually of the lungs caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6
Question
How does TB spread from person to person?
Answer
TB spreads when you breathe in the air exhaled by a person infected with TB
7
Question
How contagious is TB?
Answer
TB is a highly contagious disease
8
Question
According to the World Health Organization, where does TB rank in terms of global mortality?
Answer
TB is second only to HIV and AIDS as the greatest global killer
9
Question
Where can TB develop in the body?
Answer
TB can develop in different parts of the body
10
Question
How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly transferred in the human population?
Answer
By respiratory route
11
Question
How can T cells be sensitized to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?
Answer
Through skin tests such as PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test
12
Question
When can the reaction to PPD skin test be seen after the injection?
Answer
The reaction can be seen after 12-48 hours
13
Question
What is the characteristic reaction seen at the site of injection in a PPD skin test?
Answer
Induration and swelling
14
Question
What is the redness appearing around the injected part called in a PPD skin test?
Answer
Erythema
15
Question
How is the result of a PPD skin test interpreted based on the area of induration?
Answer
10 mm and more: Reactive; 5 to 9 mm: Intermediate; Less than 5 mm: Non-reactive
16
Question
What are some conditions that may give a false positive result in a PPD skin test?
Answer
Conditions like mumps, polio, measles, and malnutrition or corticosteroids
17
Question
What are the test requirements for performing a PPD skin test?
Answer
Tuberculin, Needle and syringe, PPD solution (5 TU), 70% ethanol as site disinfectant, Sterile cotton, Micropore tape