/
Flashcard Deck
Save to my account
Sign up
Flashcard Deck
Untitled Flashcards
Study
1
Question
Answer
2
Question
Where can fungi be found thriving?
Answer
Soil and spreading spores in the atmosphere
3
Question
What are most fungi considered as?
Answer
Free-living saprophytes
4
Question
What can some fungi be as opportunistic pathogens?
Answer
Cause serious infections, especially for immunocompromised individuals
5
Question
With the growing population and frequent contact of humans with soil, animals, and humans, what is the increased risk of?
Answer
Pathogenic fungal transmission
6
Question
What can pathogenic fungal transmission lead to if not properly controlled and regulated?
Answer
Small outbreaks
7
Question
What can trigger the immune response to cause allergic reactions in individuals exposed to fungi?
Answer
Inhalation of fungi spores and exposure to specific fungal antigens
8
Question
Which fungal species can release potent allergens that may lead to asthma?
Answer
Aspergillus sp., Wallemia sebi, and Eurotium amstelodami
9
Question
Who is often the first to be in contact with allergens released by fungal species in agricultural settings?
Answer
Farmers
10
Question
What disorders affecting the lungs can exposure to allergens from fungal species lead to?
Answer
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergic alveolitis
11
Question
What agricultural practice was found to contribute to the number of antigens in organic materials, increasing the risk of exposure to allergens from fungi?
Answer
Haymaking
12
Question
What are mycotoxins and why are they dangerous?
Answer
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by specific fungal species. When ingested, they can lead to serious illnesses in animals and humans, and may result in cancer and immune deficiency in the long term.
13
Question
Give an example of a carcinogenic mycotoxin and the fungus that produces it.
Answer
Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus, which contaminates crops and can enter the body through direct ingestion or secondary consumption.
14
Question
What are the health risks associated with aflatoxin ingestion?
Answer
Aflatoxin ingestion can lead to cancer and immune deficiency in the long term.
15
Question
What is ochratoxin A and what health risks does it pose?
Answer
Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by selected species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It contaminates food commodities and poses risks to human health.
16
Question
How do mycotoxins enter the human body through secondary consumption?
Answer
Mycotoxins can enter the human body through secondary consumption by ingesting meat and dairy products that have been contaminated by the toxins.
17
Question
Which organizations collaborate to assess the risks of food-borne mycotoxins and establish food safety standards?
Answer
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) collaborate to assess the risks of food-borne mycotoxins, establish food safety and quality standards, and develop risk management protocols to prevent contamination and ensure consumer safety.
18
Question
What is pathogenicity in fungi?
Answer
The ability of some fungal species to cause disorders and diseases on the host organism, including plants, animals, and humans.
19
Question
How can pathogenicity-coding genes be acquired by non-pathogenic fungal strains?
Answer
Through horizontal gene transfer of the whole chromosome.
20
Question
What is mycosis?
Answer
A fungal infection caused by fungal growth on the skin, hair, nails, and other surface layers, as well as in deeper skin layers and internal organs.
21
Question
What are the three classifications of mycosis based on the location of the fungal infection?
Answer
1. Superficial mycoses 2. Subcutaneous mycoses 3. Systemic mycoses
22
Question
What are the two categories of mycosis based on the type of infection?
Answer
1. Opportunistic mycoses 2. 'True' mycoses
23
Question
What are opportunistic mycoses caused by?
Answer
Opportunistic fungi that do not usually cause diseases in healthy humans but can cause illnesses in immunocompromised individuals.
24
Question
What are the two types of opportunistic fungi based on their source?
Answer
Saprophytic (from the environment) or endogenous (commensal in the body)
25
Question
Give examples of opportunistic fungi that cause opportunistic mycoses.
Answer
Mucor sp. (causes mucormycosis), Candida sp. (causes candidiasis), Aspergillus sp. (causes Aspergillosis)
26
Question
Which opportunistic fungi usually affect individuals with AIDS?
Answer
Candida spp. and Aspergillus sp.
27
Question
What are mycoses caused by?
Answer
Pathogenic fungi
28
Question
Who can mycoses infect?
Answer
Both healthy and immunosuppressed individuals
29
Question
What factors determine the severity of mycoses illnesses?
Answer
The target site of the infection
30
Question
What does Table 2 summarize in relation to mycoses?
Answer
Common pathogenic fungi, the disease it causes, and the target site