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Protists and the Origins of Multicellularity
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Protists and the Origins of Multicellularity
Protists and the Origins of Multicellularity
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1
Question
Which major groups are included in Kingdom Protista?
Page 3
Answer
Plant-like protists, fungi-like protists, and animal-like protists (Protozoa).
2
Question
Which subphyla are listed among the animal-like protists?
Page 3
Answer
Sarcomastigophora, Sporozoa, Cnidospora, and Ciliophora.
3
Question
Which groups are classified as plant-like protists?
Page 3
Answer
Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates), Chrysophyta (diatoms), and Euglenophyta (euglenoid flagellates).
4
Question
Which type of DNA is associated with prokaryotes?
Page 4
Answer
Naked, circular DNA, usually without introns.
5
Question
How does eukaryotic DNA differ from prokaryotic DNA?
Page 4
Answer
Eukaryotic DNA is protein-bound and linear, and it usually has introns.
6
Question
Which ribosome types distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
Page 4
Answer
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes; eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes.
7
Question
Which reproductive processes are listed for eukaryotes?
Page 4
Answer
Mitosis and meiosis.
8
Question
Which reproductive process is listed for prokaryotes?
Page 4
Answer
Binary fission.
9
Question
How do typical prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell sizes compare?
Page 4
Answer
Prokaryotes are smaller (~1–5 μm); eukaryotes are larger (~10–100 μm).
10
Question
Which nutritional routes are listed for protozoa?
Page 5
Answer
Ingestion or absorption.
11
Question
How does the slide characterize protozoan lifestyles?
Page 5
Answer
Most are free-living; some are parasites that cause human diseases.
12
Question
Which asexual reproductive process produces protozoa by mitosis?
Page 5
Answer
Binary fission.
13
Question
Which process involves multiple nuclear divisions in protozoa?
Page 5
Answer
Schizogony.
14
Question
What nuclear exchange characterizes protozoan conjugation?
Page 6
Answer
Conjugation is sexual reproduction involving reciprocal exchange of nuclei.
15
Question
Which protozoan stage is the feeding stage?
Page 6
Answer
The trophozoite is the feeding stage.
16
Question
Which protozoan stage supports survival and transmission to a new host?
Page 6
Answer
The cyst is a thick-walled stage that enables survival and transmission to a new host.
17
Question
Which structures can Sarcomastigophora use for movement?
Page 7
Answer
Flagella, pseudopodia, or both.
18
Question
Which nucleus count is stated for Sarcomastigophora?
Page 7
Answer
A single nucleus is present.
19
Question
Which nutritional modes are listed for Sarcomastigophora?
Page 7
Answer
Autotrophic, saprozoic, or heterotrophic nutrition.
20
Question
Which reproductive pattern is usual in Sarcomastigophora?
Page 7
Answer
They usually reproduce sexually.
21
Question
Which structures are absent in Sporozoa locomotion?
Page 8
Answer
Locomotory organelles are absent.
22
Question
What parasitic lifestyle characterizes Sporozoa?
Page 8
Answer
Sporozoa are exclusively endoparasites.
23
Question
Which stage is identified as the infective phase in Sporozoa?
Page 8
Answer
Sporozoites are the infective phase.
24
Question
What follows syngamy during Sporozoa reproduction?
Page 8
Answer
Many spores are formed after syngamy.
25
Question
How do Cnidospora polar filaments assist in host attachment?
Page 9
Answer
They are coiled threads that can be shot out and attach to the host.
26
Question
Which reproductive outcome follows zygote formation in Cnidospora?
Page 9
Answer
The zygote gives rise to one or more trophozoites without sporogony.
27
Question
Which nuclei are present in Ciliophora, and what roles do they have?
Page 10
Answer
The macronucleus is associated with feeding; the micronucleus is associated with reproduction.
28
Question
Which structures provide locomotion in Ciliophora?
Page 10
Answer
Cilia provide locomotion.
29
Question
How does conjugation occur in Ciliophora?
Page 10
Answer
Conjugation takes place with fusion of nuclei; free gametes are never present.
30
Question
Which processes contributed to multicellularity in eukaryotic lineages?
Page 11
Answer
Cell-to-cell adhesion, communication, cooperation, and specialization.