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Theories of Self, Identity, and Love
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Theories of Self, Identity, and Love
Theories of Self, Identity, and Love
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1
Question
How does existentialism characterize the self over time?
Page 1
Answer
The self is a continuous process of becoming, not a fixed or predetermined entity.
2
Question
How does John Locke’s tabula rasa explain the formation of the mind?
Page 1
Answer
The mind is born without innate ideas and is shaped by human experience.
3
Question
What role does the physical body play in Descartes’s account of self-knowledge?
Page 1
Answer
The physical body serves as the primary basis for knowing one’s existence in the physical realm.
4
Question
What conception of personal identity did medieval philosophy contribute?
Page 1
Answer
It contributed the notion of a unified and lasting self.
5
Question
How does existentialism differ from a fixed-self account?
Page 1
Answer
Existentialism treats the self as becoming through individual agency, rather than as predetermined.
6
Question
Which parts make up William James’s empirical self?
Page 1
Answer
The material self, social self, and spiritual self.
7
Question
How does the material self extend beyond the physical body?
Page 1
Answer
It includes the body, clothing, and personal possessions.
8
Question
What determines the social self in William James’s framework?
Page 1
Answer
How an individual is perceived and recognized by others.
9
Question
What does the spiritual self represent for William James?
Page 1
Answer
The inner or subjective being.
10
Question
How does James define the physical self beyond appearance?
Page 1
Answer
It includes physiological processes, physical features and functions, and genetic makeup or disposition.
11
Question
What drives the id in Freud’s model of the mind?
Page 1
Answer
Basic impulses drive the id.
12
Question
How does the ego function in Freud’s provinces of the mind?
Page 1
Answer
The ego is the rational interface with reality.
13
Question
What role does the superego play in Freud’s model?
Page 1
Answer
It is the moral center that judges right and wrong through personal values and moral integrity.
14
Question
How do the id, ego, and superego differ in function?
Page 1
Answer
The id follows basic impulses; the ego rationally interfaces with reality; the superego provides moral judgment.
15
Question
What does Jung’s persona describe in personality?
Page 2
Answer
The side of personality a person chooses to show the outside world.
16
Question
What does Jung’s shadow refer to within the self?
Page 2
Answer
Hidden qualities that a person may deny within themselves.
17
Question
How do Jung’s persona and shadow contrast?
Page 2
Answer
The persona is the chosen outward presentation; the shadow involves hidden qualities a person may deny.
18
Question
How does Winnicott’s false self differ from the true self?
Page 2
Answer
The false self is a performative presentation that is not the person’s authentic true self.
19
Question
How does Bandura characterize the self’s relationship with its environment?
Page 2
Answer
The self is an active agent capable of shaping its own destiny, not merely a passive recipient of environmental factors.
20
Question
What does Rogers mean by the actualizing tendency?
Page 2
Answer
An inherent drive to fulfill one’s potential and maintain or enhance the organism.
21
Question
How does the real-self and ideal-self gap motivate change for Rogers?
Page 2
Answer
Motivation can arise from wanting to reduce the gap between who one is and hopes to become.
22
Question
What does incongruence mean in Rogers’s account of the self?
Page 2
Answer
A significant mismatch between self-concept and actual experiences or desires.
23
Question
How does following parental wishes against personal interests illustrate incongruence?
Page 2
Answer
It creates a mismatch between a person’s self-concept or desires and their actual choices or experiences.
24
Question
Why are social relationships central to Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Page 2
Answer
They shape and develop personality across the lifespan.
25
Question
How does Mead’s looking-glass self relate others’ perceptions to identity?
Page 2
Answer
Perceptions others hold of an individual help generate the image that individual holds of themselves.
26
Question
How does Mead describe development of the social self with age?
Page 2
Answer
The social self becomes more fully developed and internalized as individuals age.
27
Question
How does body neutrality shift attention away from appearance?
Page 2
Answer
It values the body for its functions and capabilities rather than its aesthetic appearance.
28
Question
Why do psychologists consider social-media facial filters a concern?
Page 2
Answer
They can distort body image and promote unrealistic beauty standards.
29
Question
What factor is identified as strongest in distorting body perception?
Page 2
Answer
Chronically low self-esteem fueled by sustained negative societal pressures.
30
Question
How can sexual activities influence self-concept during identity formation?
Page 2
Answer
They can help individuals explore and express sexual orientation and preferences, which affects self-concept.