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Plant Tissues, Growth, and Responses
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Plant Tissues, Growth, and Responses
Plant Tissues, Growth, and Responses
Study
1
Question
Which three tissue systems organize a plant’s tissues?
Page 1
Answer
Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Memory hook: picture a greenhouse with a protective skin, transport pipes, and packed soil.
2
Question
Which tissue forms the protective outer covering of a nonwoody plant?
Page 1
Answer
Dermal tissue; its outer covering is the epidermis. Memory hook: imagine the plant wearing a protective greenhouse skin.
3
Question
How do trichomes help protect a plant leaf?
Page 1
Answer
These tiny hair-like projections on some epidermal cells protect against insects and water loss. Memory hook: picture tiny bristles guarding the leaf.
4
Question
Which two tissues make up the plant’s vascular tissue?
Page 1
Answer
Xylem and phloem. Memory hook: imagine two greenhouse pipes, one carrying water and minerals and the other carrying photosynthetic products.
5
Question
Which greenhouse-pipe memory hook distinguishes xylem from phloem?
Page 1
Answer
Xylem carries water and minerals from roots toward shoots; phloem transports products of photosynthesis through the plant. The two pipes carry different cargo.
6
Question
How are vascular bundles arranged in dicot and monocot stems?
Page 1
Answer
In dicots, vascular bundles form a ring. In monocots, they are scattered through ground tissue. Memory hook: a ring-shaped flower bed versus scattered stepping stones.
7
Question
Which two xylem cell types transport water and dissolved minerals?
Page 1
Answer
Vessel elements and tracheids. Memory hook: imagine two kinds of water-carrying pipes in the greenhouse.
8
Question
Which two phloem cell types are named as its elements?
Page 1
Answer
Sieve tube members and companion cells. Memory hook: picture a sieve tube travelling with a companion helper.
9
Question
How does ground tissue contribute to a nonwoody plant?
Page 1
Answer
It fills the space between dermal and vascular tissue and functions in photosynthesis, sugar storage, and support. Memory hook: greenhouse ground fills gaps and stores supplies.
10
Question
Which structures belong to the plant’s root system?
Page 1
Answer
The roots. They absorb water and minerals, anchor and support the plant, and help it grow through soil. Memory hook: roots act as anchors and underground drinking straws.
11
Question
How do fibrous roots improve absorption from the soil?
Page 1
Answer
Their mat of thin roots spreads below the soil surface, increasing surface area for absorption. Memory hook: picture a fine underground net catching more water.
12
Question
How is a taproot system structured?
Page 1
Answer
It has one large vertical root with many smaller branches. Memory hook: imagine one central underground stake sending out side branches.
13
Question
How do root hairs increase a root’s ability to absorb?
Page 1
Answer
Root hairs are epidermal cells covering the root surface that extend into soil and help absorb more water and minerals. Memory hook: tiny fingers reach into the soil for supplies.
14
Question
Why does a growing root need a root cap?
Page 1
Answer
The tough root cap protects the root as it grows through soil and helps it push through. New cap is continually added as older cells are scraped away. Memory hook: picture a helmet replaced as it wears down.
15
Question
Which organs make up the plant’s shoot system?
Page 1
Answer
Stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. Memory hook: picture the above-ground plant as a stem supporting leaves and reproductive parts.
16
Question
How does the stem support the functioning of a plant?
Page 1
Answer
It supports leaves and reproductive structures and contains vascular tissue that transports sugar and water throughout the plant. Memory hook: imagine a scaffold containing supply pipes.
17
Question
Which three functions do leaves perform for a plant?
Page 1
Answer
They carry out photosynthesis, capture light, and exchange gases with the atmosphere. They also help minimize water loss. Memory hook: a leaf is a solar panel with exchange ports and a moisture shield.
18
Question
How do palisade and spongy mesophyll differ in arrangement and role?
Page 1
Answer
Palisade mesophyll cells are tightly packed to trap light; spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed to allow gas exchange. Memory hook: a dense light-catching crowd above a loose, air-filled crowd.
19
Question
How does the leaf cuticle help the plant conserve water?
Page 1
Answer
The cuticle is a waxy coating on leaves and other plant parts that helps retain moisture. Memory hook: picture a waxed raincoat covering the leaf.
20
Question
How do stomata and guard cells regulate leaf gas exchange?
Page 1
Answer
Stomata are epidermal pores that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Two guard cells surround each stoma and control its opening and closing, regulating gas exchange and water vapour loss. Memory hook: paired guards operate a leaf’s tiny gates.
21
Question
How do primary and secondary plant growth differ?
Page 1
Answer
Primary growth increases length in roots and shoots. Secondary growth increases width in woody plants. Memory hook: primary growth stretches the plant upward or downward; secondary growth widens its trunk.
22
Question
Which tissues drive primary growth at root and shoot tips?
Page 1
Answer
Apical meristems. They are rapidly dividing regions of unspecialized cells associated with lengthening roots and shoots. Memory hook: imagine growth engines at the plant’s tips.
23
Question
How does vascular cambium contribute to secondary growth?
Page 1
Answer
The vascular cambium is a ring of dividing cells between xylem and phloem that increases thickness. Memory hook: picture a growing belt between the two transport pipes.
24
Question
How does cork cambium protect a woody plant’s internal tissues?
Page 1
Answer
It produces a tough outer layer of cork, which forms a waterproof barrier protecting internal tissues. Memory hook: imagine the trunk adding a waterproof outer coat.
25
Question
How do spring and hot-season growth appear in tree rings?
Page 1
Answer
Springtime growth has longer cells with thin walls and appears lighter. Hot-season growth has smaller cells with thicker walls and appears darker. Memory hook: pale, thin spring bands alternate with dark, thick hot-season bands.
26
Question
Which tissues and materials are included in the description of bark?
Page 1
Answer
Bark is everything outside the vascular cambium. As the stem increases in size, its outer layer is shed. Memory hook: picture bark as the trunk’s outer jacket beyond the growing belt.
27
Question
How does transpiration help move water through a tall tree?
Page 2
Answer
Transpiration is water loss through leaves due to evaporation. It helps create a pull, with adhesion and cohesion assisting, strong enough to transport water and minerals upward. Memory hook: imagine evaporating leaf droplets tugging a connected water column upward.
28
Question
How does the pressure flow hypothesis describe phloem sap movement?
Page 2
Answer
Phloem sap moves from a source, where sugar is produced, to a sink, where sugar is consumed. Memory hook: picture sugar cargo travelling from a greenhouse kitchen to a hungry destination.
29
Question
Why do phloem sieve tube members rely on companion cells?
Page 2
Answer
Companion cells provide proteins and other resources that keep sieve tube members alive. Memory hook: imagine a companion carrying supplies to keep a transport tube operating.
30
Question
How do parasitic plants obtain nutrients from other plants?
Page 2
Answer
They obtain all or some nutrients from other plants and usually have structures that invade the host’s vascular tissue. Memory hook: picture a trespassing vine tapping into a host’s supply pipes.