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Nutrition, Oral Health, and Systemic Disease
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Nutrition, Oral Health, and Systemic Disease
Nutrition, Oral Health, and Systemic Disease
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1
Question
How does nutrition relate to energy output and tissue maintenance?
Page 2
Answer
Nutrition describes how diets meet energy output and balance the needs of cellular activity, growth, and tissue maintenance.
2
Question
How can excess nutrition contribute to chronic systemic disease?
Page 3
Answer
Nutritional excess is identified as a risk factor for insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
3
Question
How are nutrition, lifestyle, and systemic disease related?
Page 3
Answer
They are presented as interconnected: nutrition and lifestyle influence systemic disease, and nutrition and lifestyle are also linked to each other.
4
Question
How is alcohol both a nutrient and a drug?
Page 4
Answer
Alcohol is absorbed as a drug and metabolized as both a nutrient and a drug.
5
Question
How can excess alcohol affect nutrient absorption?
Page 4
Answer
Excess alcohol can cause malabsorption or decreased absorption of many nutrients, particularly fat- and water-soluble vitamins.
6
Question
Which nutrients are specifically associated with malabsorption from excess alcohol?
Page 4
Answer
Folate, thiamin (vitamin B1), B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, fatty acids, and protein are listed. Vitamin C and zinc are also named.
7
Question
What blood-glucose reaction can alcohol cause?
Page 4
Answer
Alcohol can cause hypoglycemic reactions.
8
Question
Which oral condition is linked with smoking?
Page 5
Answer
Periodontitis is listed among the chronic diseases associated with smoking.
9
Question
How is maternal smoking linked to congenital defects?
Page 5
Answer
Maternal smoking is associated with congenital defects, including orofacial clefts.
10
Question
How can tobacco-related carcinogens contribute to oral potentially malignant disorders?
Page 6
Answer
The diagram links tobacco-associated carcinogens and alcohol with DNA damage and progression toward oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD).
11
Question
Which DNA changes are associated with dysplasia in the OPMD pathway?
Page 6
Answer
The listed changes are loss of heterozygosity at 3p, 9p, 4q, 11q, 13q, and 17q; microsatellite instability; aneuploidy; raised telomerase; and DNA mutation (p53).
12
Question
How does the pathway connect p53 mutation with cell-cycle outcomes?
Page 6
Answer
The diagram places p53 mutation alongside the cell cycle and indicates apoptosis and dysplasia as related outcomes.
13
Question
How does tobacco use alter vitamin E distribution?
Page 7
Answer
In smokers, vitamin E (tocopherol) is higher in the blood than in the oral mucosa.
14
Question
How does folate in smokers compare with nonsmokers?
Page 7
Answer
Smokers have lower folate levels in both blood and oral mucosa than nonsmokers.
15
Question
Which nutritional factors are linked to cardiovascular conditions?
Page 8
Answer
The listed nutritional risk factors are high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and salted food.
16
Question
Which lifestyle factors are linked to cardiovascular conditions?
Page 8
Answer
The listed lifestyle risk factors are smoking, lack of physical activity, and alcoholism.
17
Question
How should a varied diet be adjusted in the cardiovascular recommendations?
Page 9
Answer
Limit sodium from processed foods and reduce calories and saturated fat. Maintain adequate calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
18
Question
What total fat intake limit is given in the dietary recommendations?
Page 9
Answer
Decrease total fat intake to less than 30%.
19
Question
How can oral health affect nutritional status?
Page 10
Answer
Oral soft-tissue, bone, or tooth problems can impair eating, affect food choices, and contribute to poor food choices and diet–nutrition problems.
20
Question
How can nutrient deficiencies affect systemic health?
Page 11
Answer
Protein malnutrition is linked with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems. Other listed consequences include anemia, osteoporosis, and immunocompromise associated with iron or zinc effects on the immune system.
21
Question
Which nutrient deficiencies are linked with oral cancer?
Page 11
Answer
The listed associations are deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and E, carotenoids, and iron.
22
Question
Which oral and developmental outcomes are linked to insufficient carbohydrate supply?
Page 12
Answer
Altered organogenesis, effects on dental-plaque metabolism, caries, and periodontal disease.
23
Question
What change in lingual papillae is associated with insufficient protein supply?
Page 13
Answer
Atrophy of the lingual papillae.
24
Question
How can insufficient protein supply affect connective tissue?
Page 13
Answer
It is associated with connective tissue degeneration.
25
Question
How can insufficient protein supply affect dentin formation?
Page 13
Answer
It can cause alteration in dentinogenesis.
26
Question
How can insufficient protein supply affect cementum formation?
Page 13
Answer
It can cause alteration of cementogenesis.
27
Question
Which maxillary developmental effect is linked to insufficient protein supply?
Page 13
Answer
Altered development of the maxilla.
28
Question
Which occlusal outcome is associated with insufficient protein supply?
Page 13
Answer
Malocclusion.
29
Question
Which enamel-development change is linked to insufficient protein supply?
Page 13
Answer
Linear hypoplasia of the enamel.
30
Question
Which salivary-gland and oral effects are linked to insufficient lipid supply?
Page 14
Answer
Inflammatory and degenerative pathologies, parotid swelling with hyposalivation, degeneration of glandular parenchyma, and altered mucosal tropism.